Abstract
The Imperial government discriminated severly against the Moslems of Tsarist Russia. Social and educational discrimination reinforced legal discrimination. School instruction was required to be in Russian. Even the number of Russian schools in the Moslem areas was small. The Communist regime, redeeming the pledges of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party in exile, increased the amount and the quality of Moslem education much more than the amount and quality of education in the country as a whole. In Tsarist times, hardly any Moslems attended secondary schools and universities. Now the percentage of Moslem students is only slightly lower than their share of the population. The increase in the amount of general education of Soviet Moslems has been matched by the expanding role of Moslem languages in the schools, the press, book publishing, and the theatre.
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