Education and the marine environmental issue: A historical review of research fields and the popularization on conservation and management of the sea and ocean in Brazil

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Worldwide initiatives have been promoting awareness on marine environmental issues. In Brazil Maritime Mentality Program arises from political disputes over the right to use maritime spaces, Coastal Marine Environmental Education shares the same theoretical basis as Environmental Education and Ocean Literacy appears in the USA and became globally widespread after its inclusion as one goal of Ocean Decade. Based on a literature review this article gives a panorama of the history, working groups, institutional links, theoretical framework and impact of the published material of these three working fields. The conclusion is that the conceptual framework of all three is limited and do not address the deep causes of environmental degradation which is the current social-political-economic system.