Abstract
The interplay between oxidative stress, inflammation, and tissue fibrosis leads to the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Edoxaban, an activated blood coagulation factor Xa (FXa) inhibitor, ameliorates kidney disease by suppressing inflammation and tissue fibrosis in animal models. Interestingly, rivaroxaban, another FXa inhibitor, suppresses oxidative stress induced by FXa. Thus, FXa inhibitors could be multitargeted drugs for the three aforementioned risk factors for the progression of CKD. However, the exact mechanism responsible for eliciting the antioxidant effect of FXa inhibitors remains unclear. In this study, the antioxidant effect of edoxaban was evaluated. First, the intracellular antioxidant properties of edoxaban were evaluated using human proximal tubular cells (HK-2 cells). Next, direct radical scavenging activity was measured using the electron spin resonance and fluorescence analysis methods. Results show that edoxaban exhibited antioxidant effects on oxidative stress induced by FXa, indoxyl sulfate, and angiotensin II in HK-2 cells, as well as the FXa inhibitory activity, was involved in part of the antioxidant mechanism. Moreover, edoxaban exerted its antioxidative effect through its structure-specific direct radical scavenging activity. Edoxaban exerts antioxidant effects by inhibiting FXa and through direct radical-scavenging activity, and thus, may serve as multitargeted drugs for the three primary risk factors associated with progression of CKD.
Highlights
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) causes kidney damage and causes high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality
In otfhtihsesatnutdioyx,idthanetaenffteicotxoifdFaXnatinphriobpiteorstireesmoafineudnocxleaabr.an, an factor Xa (FXa) inhibitor, against oxidative stress induced byIvnathrios ustsudstyi,mthuelannttisoxainddanittpsrdoipreerctitersaodf iecdaolxsacbaavne, nangiFnXga ainchtivbiittoyr,wageariensetvoaxliudatievde.stress induced by various stimulants and its direct radical scavenging activity were evaluated
The results showed that edoxaban did not affect the decomposition shofoHw2eOd2th(Faitguedreo3xca)b. an did not affect the decomposition of H2O2 (Figure 3c)
Summary
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) causes kidney damage and causes high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The morbidity rate is estimated at 10.4% among men and 11.8% among women worldwide. CKD is an important global public health concern [1]. 2019, 20, x FOR PEER REVIEW oxidative stCrhesrosn, iicnfklaidmnemyatdiiosena,saen(dCKtiDss)uneoftibornolsyisclaeuasdess tkoidtnheeypdroamgraegsesiobunt oaflsCoKcDau[s2e,s3]h. Melosr.eoIvnera,ddition, rivaroxeadboaxna,bann,otahnerFXFXa ainihnihbitboirt,or,ehpoarstebdelyenarmepeloiorrtaetdestokisdunpeyprdeissseaosxeidbaytisvuepsptrreesssinigndnuotceodnlbyy FXa at the abdionmflaimnamlaatoiornticbuatneaulsroysrmenaslitefibarnodsistoinsutpheprtewsso oaxfoidreamtievnetisotnreedssmenouhsaencmeoddbelys.ciItnraatdedditpiolans, ma and advancreidvagrolyxacbaatnio, anneonthde-rpFrXoadinuhcitbsit[o1r0, ,h1a1s]b. ETenhuresp,oFrXtead itno hsuibpiptroersss ocxoiudladtivbeestmreussltiintdaurgceedtebdy FdXraugats for the the abdominal aortic aneurysm site and to suppress oxidative stress enhanced by citrated plasma and three afaodrveamnecendtigolnyecadtiroinskenfda-cptorordsufcotrs t[1h0e,1d1]e.vTehluosp,mFXeanitnohfibkitiodrnsecyoudldisebaesme.ulHtitoawrgeevteedr,dtrhuegsmfoerchthaenisms of the antitohxreiedaafnotreemffeencttioonfeFdXriaskinfahcitboirtsofrosr rtheemdaeivneluonpmcleenatr.of kidney disease. In otfhtihsesatnutdioyx,idthanetaenffteicotxoifdFaXnatinphriobpiteorstireesmoafineudnocxleaabr.an, an FXa inhibitor, against oxidative stress induced byIvnathrios ustsudstyi,mthuelannttisoxainddanittpsrdoipreerctitersaodf iecdaolxsacbaavne, nangiFnXga ainchtivbiittoyr,wageariensetvoaxliudatievde.stress induced by various stimulants and its direct radical scavenging activity were evaluated
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