Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental syndrome originating in childhood, affecting 5–10% of young persons. Males are more commonly affected than females. Symptoms include developmentally inappropriate levels of inattention and/or hyperactivity/impulsivity. Individuals with ADHD exhibit significant levels of impairment throughout the lifespan, with comorbidities common. Heritability is substantial; several environmental and genetic risk factors have been identified, which are likely to interact synergistically in shaping onset, course, and outcome. Fronto-striatal brain circuits are strongly implicated. Effective interventions include stimulant medications and behavioral approaches, with comorbidities often requiring additional interventions. Long-term maintenance of treatment gains is a continuing challenge.
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