Abstract
The genus pestivirus in the Flavivirus family is comprised of single-stranded RNA viruses that infect domestic and wildlife hosts. The “classic” pestivirus species, bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 (BVDV1), bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 (BVDV2), border disease virus (BDV), and classical swine fever virus (CSFV) were first detected in domestic animals and early differentiation of pestivirus species was based on the domestic animal from which it was isolated. However, it became apparent that these four species were capable of infecting multiple domestic and free-ranging host species. In addition, emerging/putative species of pestivirus, such as pronghorn virus and giraffe virus, were isolated exclusively from wildlife species. The significant economic cost of the infection of domestic species with pestiviruses is well documented but the impact of pestivirus infections on wildlife species is less well studied.
Highlights
Specialty section: This article was submitted to Virology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Microbiology
The “classic” pestivirus species, bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 (BVDV1), bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 (BVDV2), border disease virus (BDV), and classical swine fever virus (CSFV) were first detected in domestic animals and early differentiation of pestivirus species was based on the domestic animal from which it was isolated
As eradication efforts for CSFV, BVDV1, and BVDV2 proceed around the world, concerns have been raised that wildlife species may act as reservoirs for pestiviruses
Summary
Specialty section: This article was submitted to Virology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Microbiology. Viral detection and serological surveillance both indicate that multiple species of wild ruminants are susceptible to BVDV1 and BVDV2 infection as reported in the chapter by Wolff et al Epidemiological data indicate that in North America, BVDV1 and BVDV2 infections have become established in wild ruminant populations, and that persistently infected animals are present in these populations as described for white-tailed deer in the chapter by Passler et al to date, evidence demonstrating the introduction of pestiviruses into naïve cattle herds by exposure to wildlife is limited.
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