Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most common bacterial infections among adults in the community setting. Pyelonephritis is the most severe manifestation of such infection. A recent populationbased study noted an overall rate of pyelonephritis of 15-17 cases per 10,000 women and 3-4 cases per 10,000 men [1]. The in-hospital mortality rate for pyelonephritis varies from 7.3 cases per 1000 hospitalized women to 16.5 cases per 1000 hospitalized men [2]. Finally, the annual societal cost of treatment of acute pyelonephritis in the United States has been estimated to be >$2 billion [3]. Although numerous studies have focused on the
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