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Abstract
The need for a reliable risk map in the control of soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) in Kogi East, North Central Nigeria is very important. This study was carried out to determine the effect of environmental risk factors on geospatial distribution of STHs. Epidemiological data were obtained from a district-wide survey conducted in 2018 in Kogi East. Edaphic and climatic factors were downloaded as spatial layers from international recognised health data resources centres. A total of 24 environmental factors were used in determining the risk map of STHs using MaxEnt tool. The predicted high-risk areas of A. lumbricoides, hookworms and S. stercoralis were the central part of Kogi East covering parts of Dekina, Ofu, Igalamela-Odolu, Olamaboro and Omala LGAs with probability of 0.8 to 1.00. Among the factors investigated; Temperature [mean diurnal temperature range (BIO2), temperature annual range (BIO7) and maximum temperature of the warmest month (BIO5)], precipitation [precipitation of the wettest quarter (BIO16)], and soil clay contents were the five factors that exerted most significant influence on the geospatial distribution of STHs in Kogi East, Nigeria. Public health control programmes on STHs should target high-risk areas by including them in mass drug administration, health education as well as provision of water, sanitation and hygiene infrastructures.
Highlights
Abbreviations Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) Neglected tropical diseases Local Government Areas (LGAs) Local government area STHs Soil-transmitted helminths STH Soil-transmitted helminthiasis Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Geographic information systems (GIS) Remote Sensing (RS) Remote sensing species distribution models (SDM) Species distribution models Global Positioning system (GPS) Global positioning system Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Universal transverse mercator ISRIC International soil reference centre Area Under the Curve (AUC) Area under curve receiver operating characteristics (ROC) Receiver operating characteristics PI Permutation importance PC Percent contribution
The use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) to better understand helminths distributions and their ecology is highly effective, they serve as decision-making tools for the identification areas of high-risk and hotspots that will help in the design, implementation and monitoring of control programmes[12]
The predicted high risk areas of A. lumbricoides were the central part of Kogi East i.e. Southern part of Dekina LGA, Eastern part of Ofu LGA, northern part of Igalamela-Odolu LGA, the west-Southern part of Olamaboro LGA and the Eastern part of Omala LGA in Northern Kogi East with probability of 0.8 to 1.00
Summary
Abbreviations NTDs Neglected tropical diseases LGA Local government area STHs Soil-transmitted helminths STH Soil-transmitted helminthiasis GIS Geographic information systems (GIS) RS Remote sensing SDM Species distribution models GPS Global positioning system UTM Universal transverse mercator ISRIC International soil reference centre AUC Area under curve ROC Receiver operating characteristics PI Permutation importance PC Percent contribution. Soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) are one of the leading causes of global health problems especially in poorest and deprived communities where implementation of control measures are difficult to maintain. It is caused by Scientific Reports | (2021) 11:8490. The use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) to better understand helminths distributions and their ecology is highly effective, they serve as decision-making tools for the identification areas of high-risk and hotspots that will help in the design, implementation and monitoring of control programmes[12]. GIS tools have been used successfully to describe the environmental factors associated with patterns of STH infection in selected geographical locations, and has helped to identify the relative importance of different environmental factors in determining geographic distributions[18,23]
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