Abstract
In this study, the aim was to determine and identify symbiotically living ectomycorrhizas of the main tree species forming forests in central and northeastern Kazakhstan. Surveys were conducted on the right bank of the Irtysh River in a mixed forest of Pinus sylvestris, Picea obovata and Betula pendula trees. The collection was formed and the primary identification of voucher samples of fruiting bodies of macromycetes collected as ectomycorrhiza forming fungi was completed. In the collection and species identification of fruiting bodies, standard methods were used. A total of 30 ectomycorrhizas belonging to Agaricomycetes were identified. The distribution of 30 species into families is as follows: Suillaceae (8), Russulaceae (7), Cortinariaceae (4), Boletaceae (3), Tricholomataceae (2), Amanitaceae (1), Cantharellaceae (1), Gomphaceae (1), Gomphidiaceae (1), Paxillaceae (1), and Bankeraceae (1). The richest genus on account of the number of species was Suillus (8). Concerning the woody host species, 17 mycorrhizas were determined to build symbiosis with P. sylvestris, 8 mycorrhizas with B. pendula, 6 mycorrhizas with Populus tremula, 1 mycorrhiza with P. obovata, 1 mycorrhiza with Quercus robur, 1 mycorrhiza with Salix sp., and 1 mycorrhiza with Pinus densiflora Siebold and Zuccarini. Ectomycorrhizas should be used as a major performance-enhancing tool in afforestation and restoration studies in the Irtysh River basin under extreme ecological conditions and under climate change effects.
Highlights
The degree of mycotrophy of the main forest-forming species on Earth is one of the most important indicators of their growth and development
63.3% of all recorded mycorrhizae have established a symbiotic life with a coniferous host species (Table 2)
Following the sampling and identification, 17 ectomycorrhizas were recorded under P. sylvestris, 8 under B. pendula, 6 under P. tremula, 1 under P. obovata, 1 under Q. robur, 1 under Salix sp., and 1 under P. densiflora
Summary
The degree of mycotrophy of the main forest-forming species on Earth is one of the most important indicators of their growth and development. Over 8000 species of higher plants and 7000-10000 species of mushrooms form ectomycorrhizal relationships (Rossi et al 2013). The most important symbiotic relationship between plants and fungi is mycorrhiza. Brundrett (2002) stated that about 80% of higher plants have mycorrhizal formations on the roots. Mycorrhizal life has not been recorded among the members of the Cruciferae and Chenopodiaceae families, even under all environmental conditions (Harley 1975, Brundrett 1991, Marschner 1995). Mycorrhization has a close functional connection with the formation of the structure, diversity, and stability of plant communities (Püschel et al 2007, Lambers et al 2008, Veselkin 2012a, 2012b)
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