Abstract
The toxic action of the Actara 25 WG insecticide (it contains 25% thiamethoxam as an active substance) in non-lethal doses was studied in two species of aquatic organisms—the Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio) and the marsh frog (Pelophylax ridibundus)—at two thermal levels, 6–8 °C (low temperature) and 18–20 °C (room temperature), respectively. In the Prussian carp, we recorded decreases in oxygen consumption and stimulation of the respiratory rhythm, changes that were more pronounced in the case of intoxicated fish and when the species were kept at room temperature. The histopathology of the lung in the frog illustrated the thickening of the conjunctival septum, an increase in the number of mucous cells, and an increase in the ratio between the diameter of the nucleus and the diameter of the pneumocyte. All of these changes were more pronounced in the animals kept at higher temperature. Our study looks at the extent to which temperature changes can influence the ability of poikilothermic organisms to withstand the presence of toxic substances in the environment as a result of the impact of the use of insecticides in agriculture. The two tested organisms are a common presence for the study area, which was affected in the last decade by climate change.
Highlights
Given the excessive growth of pest populations in agriculture, the use of insecticides is a phytosanitary indication that ensures increases in productivity
We studied the action of the Actara 25 WG insecticide on the consumption of oxygen and respiratory rhythm in Prussian carp, as well as the lung injury induced by it in the marsh frog
Except for at the lowest tested concentration (0.064 mg/L), where there were insignificant increases in oxygen consumption within the first 24–48 h of exposure, the Actara 25 WG insecticide had the effect of reducing the energy metabolism of the Prussian carp (Table 1)
Summary
Given the excessive growth of pest populations in agriculture, the use of insecticides is a phytosanitary indication that ensures increases in productivity. In this context, knowledge of the toxicity of insecticides is important for human health, on the one hand, because they can bioaccumulate in fruits and vegetables and, on the other hand, because they reach the ground, are transported by rain, and are discharged into streams or rivers. Numerous researchers have pointed out their negative influence on the functioning of ecosystems This is partly associated with the non-target effects observed in populations of pollinators (bees and bumblebees) and insectivorous birds [1]. Thiamethoxam has been partially banned by the European Commission due to its toxicity to honeybees [3]
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