Ecosystem Services: The Significance of Contributions by Invasive Plant Species

Abstract

Across vast expanses of rangelands, prairies, woodlands, and forests and throughout many wetlands and riparian corridors, invasive plant species have established and continue to threaten ecosystems. The number of invasive plant species on record in the United States is greater than 4,000 (Westbrooks 2004). The harm done by the establishment of invasive plant species includes reduced flow in waterways, disrupted fire regimes, and the loss of biodiversity in many natural areas. In the United States, it has been estimated that the cost for controlling invasive plant species is in excess of $120 billion per year (Pejchar and Mooney 2009). Ecosystem services are the inherent and tangible provisions supplied by and for natural systems that have direct benefits to humans (MEA 2005). The value of ecosystem services include: direct consumptive use values such as food, fiber, fuel, and pharmaceuticals; indirect use values such as nutrient cycles, disease resistance, or resilience to disturbances; direct nonconsumptive use values such as waste decomposition and air purification; and pure existence use values such as educational value, cultural importance, or aesthetic beauty. The means by which ecosystems provide these values go beyond simple primary productivity to include the maintenance of stable food webs and soil fertility, structural components such as soil and community composition, and biodiversity itself, which all can be affected by invasive plant species. In quantifying ecosystem services, two objectives of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA 2007) stand out in relation to invasive plant species: (1) identify knowledge gaps in the processes underlying ecosystem services and (2) evaluate benefits of ecosystem services and trade-offs among management actions that affect these services. Although the number of hectares of invasive plant species continues to increase, in some cases rapidly (Duncan et al. 2004), information on their contribution to ecosystem services is severely lacking. Once the value of ecosystem services is determined, the value of managing invasive plant species can be fully realized, and better decisions can be made regarding the implementation of policies. It is widely recognized that invasive plant species can establish in diverse environments, and with the increase in human mobility, they are no longer restricted to isolated pockets in remote parts of the world. Less emphasis is given to the fact that invasive plant species contribute to ecosystem services similar to those of other plant types, including native or nonnative desirable species. The significance of their contribution(s) is largely dependent on plant community composition and environmental conditions, which can change rapidly in a short period. For example, cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) in rangelands, purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L.) in wetlands, and tamarisk (Tamarix spp.) in riparian areas were introduced into the United States before the 19th century, yet their effects on economies and environments have only been felt more recently (Duncan et al. 2004). Invasive plant species’ contribution to ecosystem services is primarily viewed as negative because of their ability to out-compete native plant species and alter entire ecosystems, although in a few cases, services are enhanced (see Hershner and Havens 2008). In many states, laws have been established that enforce the removal of state and federal noxious plants and other invasive plants with monetary fines and penalties for noncompliance. By no means does this special feature or the symposium related to it advocated an alternative view. The main focus is to acknowledge existing invasive plant populations, determine their contributions to ecosystems, and better understand the entirety of the invasive plant species situation in the United States and around the world. With these concepts in mind, a symposium was organized to investigate the area of invasive plant species and ecosystem services and further our understanding of the contributions that invasive plants are making to DOI: 10.1614/IPSM-D-11-00004.1 * Assistant Professor, Department of Agronomy & Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 402 West State Farm Road, North Platte, NE 69101. Corresponding author’s E-mail: syoung4@unl.edu Invasive Plant Science and Management 2012 5:106–107