Abstract
In the last few years, the automotive industry has been moving towards fuel-free and economically sustainable alternatives, motivated by the latest trends in the market and new regulations about CO2 emissions. Hybrid and electric vehicles feature a transmission drive with one or more electrical motors powered by Lithium batteries. Thus, Lithium batteries are increasingly used in onboard energy storage systems, leading new economical, technical and environmental challenges which are of fundamental importance in this early stage for the next automotive generation. Recycling materials from used Lithium batteries can also moderate the price of virgin materials, by reducing the price disposal as well as the dependence of manufacturers on exporting countries. Furthermore, recycling Lithium-ion batteries has significant environmental benefits, such as containing the risk of chemical pollution and improving safety in storage facilities for exhausted batteries worldwide. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive insight on Lithium-ion battery recycling for scientific research and industrial applications, examining the economic, technical and environmental aspects of this topic.
Highlights
Introduction wide range of usesIn 2017, batteries counted on almost half of its use (46%), followed by ceramics andSince their market entry in the early 1990s, Lithiumion batteries have become an increasingly important energy storage technology since they feature a very high energy density with respect to other systems
Lithium-ion batteries have already been the dominant power source in mobile systems during the past decades, they are experiencing an ever increasing global usage in the automotive industry during the last years to face the recent trends for electric mobility [2]
This technology is used as a buffer energy supply to account for the intermittent energy supply from renewable resources in order to match energy supply and demand [2]
Summary
The recycling of automotive Lithium-ion batteries to supply production is a long-term strategy which has technical limits. Predictions for up to 2050 show that the supply of all existing resources, even at a high recycling rate, will not be enough for the cumulative demand [36] This requires the market to find new solutions or alternatives. It represents 80% of the clear that the production of the cathode, anode and cathode composition of Tesla vehicles, and the electrode has the central importance in terms of penetration of the electric vehicle in the market of the manufacturing processes, but the production of the near future will almost certainly influence the actual price battery case using plastic materials has a [39]. Remolding Aluminium requires only 5% of new production, and this leads to a clear climate benefit [40].Recycling is encouraged by Plastic case 22±1 environmental and economic factors, above all for tense
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