Abstract
Cost-containment policies have required a fundamental reexamination of surgical practice. Increasingly government, third-party payers, and the public have expected that surgical treatment will be delivered on an ambulatory or short-term basis. This environment, coupled with the success of laparoscopic interventions in reducing postoperative trauma and shortening the length of stay (LOS) without increased morbidity or mortality, has recently extended to affect the practice of cardiac surgery.
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