Abstract
Japan's lowest-low fertility has become less than the population replacement level and life expectancy has improved, and as a result major changes have occurred in the population's age distribution, thus affecting various areas of social security, such as the public health care system, public pension system, public care nursing system and other welfare measures. This chapter reviews future Japanese population trends and considers changes in demographic factors that cause population fluctuations, as well as the socioeconomic factors behind these changes. One of the major causes of a declining and rapidly ageing population is the drop in the fertility rate. The demographic cause of the declining fertility rate lies in the changes in marriage formation and changes in the reproductive behaviour of married Japanese couples. Keywords: demographic factors; fertility rate; Japanese population; low fertility; marriage formation
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