Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and phytotoxicity of herbicides in combinations and to determine their economic feasibility in the soybean crop. The trials were placed at two locations, Pobeda and Budisava (Serbia), during 2016 and 2018, organized in a randomized block design with four replicates of all herbicide combinations (metribuzin + S-metolachlor; imazamox + oxasulfuron + typhenesulfuron-methyl; metribuzin + S-metolachlor + imazamox + oxasulfuron + typhenesulfuron-methyl; and bentazon + imazamox + typhenesulfuron-methyl). At the first location, 16 weed species were determined, while in the second location, 14 were determined. The highest reduction in the number of weeds was achieved at the first location, using a combination of herbicides metribuzin + S-metolachlor + imazamox + oxasulfuron + typhenesulfuron-methyl with a total efficacy that ranged from 96.98% to 97.40%. Only on the second location bentazone + imazamox + tifensulfuron-methyl showed passable phytotoxicity on soybean, during both years. Based on the established economic justification, in the combinations of metribuzin + S-metolachlor + imazamox + oxasulfuron + typhenesulfuron-methyl, yield was increased for 2350 kg/ha or 1.91 times more, according to the untreated variant at first location. The economic injury level at the most effective combination of herbicides was 52.70 weeds/m2.
Highlights
In 2050, the human population is projected to increase by 30% to about 9.2 billion [1]
Identification and determination of weeds are made in order to establish the herbicides efficacy on certain weed species
The experimental field was infested with various weed species, including annual, perennial broadleaf, and grass weed species
Summary
In 2050, the human population is projected to increase by 30% to about 9.2 billion [1] With this increased population density, demands for food production are expected to increase within 70% in developing countries, in regard to meat, milk products, and grains for livestock feed [1,2]. Crop productivity may be increased by improved water and soil management, high-yielding varieties, fertilization, and other cultivation techniques. Major challenges to agricultural production are to reduce current yield losses caused by weeds, pests, and pathogens [1]. Weeds are considered to be the most harmful to agricultural production; besides affecting agrobiodiversity, they indirectly affect the crop production, by competing with the crops for resources, protecting crop pests, reducing yield and quality, and increasing processing costs [4]. Weed management is essential for agricultural production and could play an important role in achieving future food production goals [5]
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