Economic evaluations in fracture research an introduction with examples of foot fractures

AA van den Hurk,M Poeze,NAC van den Boom,SMAA Evers,PHS Kalmet

doi:10.1016/j.injury.2022.01.013

Abstract

IntroductionThe incidence of foot fractures is increasing. These types of fractures represent the most expensive group of diagnoses in the emergency department. Next to this, the need for economic evaluation studies is growing fast. The aim of this article is to provide healthcare professionals with an introduction to economic evaluation studies in the field of foot fractures. Types of economic evaluation studiesFour types of economic evaluation studies exist: cost-minimization analysis (CMA), cost-benefit analysis (CBA), cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA), and cost-utility analysis (CUA). An economic evaluation study can be either trial- or model-based. Cost AssessmentWhen assessing costs in an economic evaluation study, three steps need to be made: identification of costs, measurement of costs, and valuation of costs. Perspective of analysisTwo main perspectives exist in economic evaluation studies. When using a healthcare perspective, only the potential costs and benefits of an intervention for the healthcare sector are included. The societal perspective includes all potential costs, including societal costs. Synthesis of costs and effects and uncertainty analysisThe level of cost-effectiveness can be objectively expressed using the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). This measure can be plotted in a cost-effectiveness plane and can be compared with existing regional ceiling ratios. ConclusionAlthough this article is not a guideline for economic evaluations, we do want to present five tips to consider when performing an economic evaluation. Firstly, when measuring resource use, consult the Database of Instruments for Resource Use Measurements (DIRUM) to find an appropriate instrument. Secondly, when measuring utility values, use the EuroQol questionnaire if possible. Thirdly, when setting up an economic evaluation study, consult the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR) database for the appropriate pharmacoeconomic guidelines. Fourthly, consult international guidelines to decide which study design is most appropriate. Finally, when performing an economic evaluation, consult a heath technology assessment (HTA) specialist from the start to ensure methodological quality.

Highlights

The incidence of foot fractures is increasing
Despite the steady increase in the number of economic evaluation studies conducted and the rising demand for these types of studies from policymakers, we only found five full economic evaluation studies regarding traumatic foot fractures
Since model based studies are the most common design in this field of research, this problem is significant. Both key reporting guidelines provided by the network for Enhancing the QUAlity and Transparency Of health Research (EQUATOR) state the data on which these models are based is a very important part of a well-executed economic evaluation [8,56,57]

Summary

Introduction

The incidence of foot fractures is increasing These types of fractures represent the most expensive group of diagnoses in the emergency department. Synthesis of costs and effects and uncertainty analysis: The level of cost-effectiveness can be objectively expressed using the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) This measure can be plotted in a costeffectiveness plane and can be compared with existing regional ceiling ratios. When setting up an economic evaluation study, consult the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR) database for the appropriate pharmacoeconomic guidelines. The number of foot fractures has increased since 1986, and nowadays foot fractures represent the most expensive group of diagnoses in terms of the number of emergency department visits in the Netherlands [7]

Objectives

Findings

Discussion

Conclusion