Economic costs of biological invasions within North America

Robert Crystal-Ornelas,Jean Fantle-Lepczyk,Andrew M Kramer,Eugenia López-López,Emma J Hudgins,Brian Leung,Elena Angulo,Boris Leroy,Franck Courchamp,Christophe Diagne,Ross N Cuthbert,Phillip J Haubrock,Liliana Ballesteros-Mejia

doi:10.3897/neobiota.67.58038

Abstract

Invasive species can have severe impacts on ecosystems, economies, and human health. Though the economic impacts of invasions provide important foundations for management and policy, up-to-date syntheses of these impacts are lacking. To produce the most comprehensive estimate of invasive species costs within North America (including the Greater Antilles) to date, we synthesized economic impact data from the recently published InvaCost database. Here, we report that invasions have cost the North American economy at least US$ 1.26 trillion between 1960 and 2017. Economic costs have climbed over recent decades, averaging US$ 2 billion per year in the early 1960s to over US$ 26 billion per year in the 2010s. Of the countries within North America, the United States (US) had the highest recorded costs, even after controlling for research effort within each country ($5.81 billion per cost source in the US). Of the taxa and habitats that could be classified in our database, invasive vertebrates were associated with the greatest costs, with terrestrial habitats incurring the highest monetary impacts. In particular, invasive species cumulatively (from 1960–2017) cost the agriculture and forestry sectors US$ 527.07 billion and US$ 34.93 billion, respectively. Reporting issues (e.g., data quality or taxonomic granularity) prevented us from synthesizing data from all available studies. Furthermore, very few of the known invasive species in North America had reported economic costs. Therefore, while the costs to the North American economy are massive, our US$ 1.26 trillion estimate is likely very conservative. Accordingly, expanded and more rigorous economic cost reports are necessary to provide more comprehensive invasion impact estimates, and then support data-based management decisions and actions towards species invasions.

Highlights

Invasive species can have widespread and severe impacts on ecosystems, human health, and economies (Bradshaw et al 2016; Iwamura et al 2020; Pyšek et al 2020; Diagne et al 2021a)
The highest economic costs to North America were reported for species that could not be resolved to the species level or complexes of more than one species (US$ 845.21 billion, n = 343)
We show that invasive species cost the North American economy at least US$ 1.26 trillion from 1960–2017

Summary

Introduction

Invasive species can have widespread and severe impacts on ecosystems, human health, and economies (Bradshaw et al 2016; Iwamura et al 2020; Pyšek et al 2020; Diagne et al 2021a). Local governments and homeowners incur annual losses estimated at US$ 1.7 billion and $830 million due to the impacts wood-boring invasive insects have on healthy community trees (Aukema et al 2011). Other research suggests that invasive insects could cost North America US$ 27.3 billion per year, with the largest losses incurred by the agricultural sector (Bradshaw et al 2016)

Methods

Results

Conclusion