Ecology of a New England Salt Marsh

Abstract

Measurements of the abundance of major populations, their metabolism, and the seasonal patterns of total system metabolism throughout a year were used to develop energy—flow diagrams for a New England salt—marsh embayment. The annual ecological energy budget for the embayment indicates that consumption exceeds production, so that the system must depend on inputs of organic detritus from marsh grasses. Gross production ranged from almost zero in winter to about 5 g O2 m—2 day—1 in summer. Respiration values were similar, but slightly higher, with the maximum difference observed in fall. Populations of shrimp and fish were largest in fall, with a much smaller peak in spring. Few animals were present in the embayment from May to July, but fall populations of shrimp ranged from 250 to 800 m—2 and fish averaged over 10 m—2. Birds were most abundant in winter and spring. In spite of high numbers, no evidence was found that the marsh embayment exported large amounts of shrimp or fish to the estuary. Production of aboveground emergent grasses on the marsh equaled 840 g m—2 for tall Spartina alterniflora, 432 g m—2 for short S. alterniflora, and 430 g m—2 for S. patens. These values are similar to those for New York marshes, but substantially lower than the southern marsh types. The efficiency of production of marsh grasses in the New England marsh was lower than reported for southern areas. A simulation model based on the laboratory and field metabolism and biomass measurements of parts of the embayment system was developed to predict diurnal patterns of dissolved oxygen in the marsh. The model was verified with field measurements of diurnal oxygen curves. The model indicated the importance of the timing of high tides in determining oxygen levels and was used to explore simulated additions of sewage BOD and increases in temperature.