Abstract

Delimitation of cryptic species is increasingly based on genetic analyses but the integration of distributional, morphological, behavioral, and ecological data offers unique complementary insights into species diversification. We surveyed communities of nocturnal mouse lemurs (Microcebus spp.) in five different sites of northeastern Madagascar, measuring a variety of morphological parameters and assessing reproductive states for 123 individuals belonging to five different lineages. We documented two different non-sister lineages occurring in sympatry in two areas. In both cases, sympatric species pairs consisted of a locally restricted (M. macarthurii or M. sp. #3) and a more widespread lineage (M. mittermeieri or M. lehilahytsara). Estimated Extents of Occurrence (EOO) of these lineages differed remarkably with 560 and 1,500 km2 versus 9,250 and 50,700 km2 , respectively. Morphometric analyses distinguished unambiguously between sympatric species and detected more subtle but significant differences among sister lineages. Tail length and body size were most informative in this regard. Reproductive schedules were highly variable among lineages, most likely impacted by phylogenetic relatedness and environmental variables. While sympatric species pairs differed in their reproductive timing (M. sp. #3/M. lehilahytsara and M. macarthurii/M. mittermeieri), warmer lowland rainforests were associated with a less seasonal reproductive schedule for M. mittermeieri and M. lehilahytsara compared with populations occurring in montane forests. Distributional, morphological, and ecological data gathered in this study support the results of genomic species delimitation analyses conducted in a companion study, which identified one lineage, M. sp. #3, as meriting formal description as a new species. Consequently, a formal species description is included. Worryingly, our data also show that geographically restricted populations of M. sp. #3 and its sister species (M. macarthurii) are at high risk of local and perhaps permanent extinction from both deforestation and habitat fragmentation.

Highlights

  • Madagascar is one of the world’s prime biodiversity hotspots and its endemic group of primates, the lemurs (Primates; Lemuriformes), are flagships for species conservation (Myers, Mittermeier, Mittermeier, Da Fonseca & Kent, 2000)

  • Northeastern Madagascar is characterized by a humid climate with abundant

  • Two different mouse lemur species were found in sympatry

Read more

Summary

Introduction

Madagascar is one of the world’s prime biodiversity hotspots and its endemic group of primates, the lemurs (Primates; Lemuriformes), are flagships for species conservation (Myers, Mittermeier, Mittermeier, Da Fonseca & Kent, 2000). The full extent of lemur species diversity is not yet fully known as several regions. Intensified biological inventories during recent years have resulted in a considerable rise in lemur species numbers. One example of increased taxonomic recognition is the genus of mouse lemurs (Microcebus). These small-bodied and nocturnal primates can be 14 found in all regions of Madagascar that offer forested habitats, while partially deforested areas appear to offer at least dispersal opportunities

Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
Full Text
Published version (Free)

Talk to us

Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have

Schedule a call