Abstract
According to the age classes, middle-aged forest stands predominate in the mountan forests of the Carpathians (46.2), overmature stands occupy 6.9% (62 thousand ha). According to the recent inventory, about 85 thousand hectares of climax old-growth forests are identified, including climax virgin forests that occupy about 54 thousand hectares which are uneven-aged. For their identification, a population matrix with a division into age groups is suggested, taking into account the age condition of the edificator. There are 6 age groups: pre-generative – juvenile-immature, virginal; generative – young generative, middle-aged, mature and old generative. In terms of the number of uneven-aged beech and coniferous/beech stands, the adequate cenopopulations of beech is dominated. The age spectra of fir and spruce, sycamore maple, ash-tree are generally non-stabilized or fragmentary. On average, on 1 ha of elementary demographic cenopopulation of beech and coniferous/beech stands on the generative generation there are 174-235 beech individuals, 42-52 – fir, 5-16 – spruce, 5-10 – sycamore and ash-tree, respectively.Half of the timber stock (50-60%) is over-mature, and 25% is in mature age condition. In climax cenosis, it can be recommended to conduct a uniform or non-uniform selection felling system. Introduction of population paradigm in forest synecology opens up a new opportunity to divide stands into age generations and treat them as a set of cenopopulations of key species for old-growth forests and virgin forests.
Highlights
About eleven basic formations of edificators have been developed in the phylogenesis process in the mountainous conditions of the Ukrainian Carpathians: Picea abies, Abies alba, Fagus sylvatica, Quercus robur, Quercus petraea, Pinus silvestris, Alnus glutinosae, Alnus incana, Pinus mughus, Alnus viridis, Juniperus sibirica
The purpose of this publication is to analyze the typological structure of mountain ecosystems at the level of the subformation as an integral evolutionary natural historical process for the formation of forest cover in the mountains, as well as the analysis of the cenopopulation structure of climax beech and coniferous/beech stands of different ages according to silvicultural and taxonomic, and populationecological methodological principles (Volosyanchuk, Protsia & Kahala, 2015; Markiv, 1982)
The age structure of the stands was identified according to the age groups adopted in forest science (Pogrebnyak, 1963) and the proposed population-ecology approach (Smirnova, 2011) which uses the periodization of ontogeny of the edificator (Rabotnov, 1964)
Summary
About eleven basic formations of edificators have been developed in the phylogenesis process in the mountainous conditions of the Ukrainian Carpathians: Picea abies, Abies alba, Fagus sylvatica, Quercus robur, Quercus petraea, Pinus silvestris, Alnus glutinosae, Alnus incana, Pinus mughus, Alnus viridis, Juniperus sibirica. In quaternary period their genesis was closely connected with the development of the natural landscapes of Central Europe, and during the last millennium a modern structure of forest vegetation was formed and partially changed depending on the climatic conditions of the region (Kalinovich, 2003; Stoyko, 1985). The purpose of this publication is to analyze the typological structure of mountain ecosystems at the level of the subformation as an integral evolutionary natural historical process for the formation of forest cover in the mountains, as well as the analysis of the cenopopulation structure of climax beech and coniferous/beech stands of different ages according to silvicultural and taxonomic, and populationecological methodological principles (Volosyanchuk, Protsia & Kahala, 2015; Markiv, 1982)
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