Ecological specialization resulting in restricted gene flow promotes differentiation in door snails

Abstract

We tested the hypothesis that ecological specialization that affects dispersal promotes diversification by a comparison of the genetic structure of two sister species of door snails across their broadly overlapping ranges in the Crimean Mountains. The hypothesized effect of ecological specialization on diversification is supported by STRUCTURE analyses that showed that Mentissa gracilicosta that is restricted to limestone rocks, is subdivided into several distinct clusters, whereas all populations of the species adapted to more continuous habitat, the forests-dwelling Mentissa canalifera, were assigned to a single cluster. Furthermore, it is supported by AMOVAs that showed that a larger part of the genetic variation of M. gracilicosta is apportioned among populations than in M. canalifera. The stronger genetic differentiation of the M. gracilicosta populations corresponds to their more distinct morphological differentiation that resulted in the classification of M. gracilicosta into several geographical subspecies, whereas the more continuously distributed M. canalifera was not subdivided into subspecies. The stronger differentiation of populations of M. gracilicosta compared to M. canalifera can be ascribed to reduced gene flow between the isolated populations of M. gracilicosta and to founder events associated with the long distance dispersal events that are necessary for the colonization of isolated rocks by M. gracilicosta. In Central Europe, the Pleistocene climatic oscillations selected for species with high dispersal abilities, whereas the more stable climate in southern Europe facilitated the non-adaptive radiation of rock-dwelling door snails. Thus, the intrinsic ecological properties of these species groups contributed to the latitudinal diversity gradient.