Abstract
ABSTRACTThe paper presents an ecological risk‐assessment methodology which (a) addresses surface‐water exposures to aquatic mammals and birds, and (b) accounts for long‐term accumulation and biomagnification of pollutants. The methodology has been adapted from those developed in the USA for compliance with US Environmental Protection Agency requirements, and combines predicted or measured surface‐water concentration data with information on the natural history of wildlife species and chemical‐specific bioaccumulation factors, to determine whether estimated exposures would exceed toxicological criteria. Whilst the methodology is applied to metals in leachate discharges from landfill sites, the general approach is applicable to other industrial sites. The approach could provide the basis for a shift towards more numerical risk‐based ecological assessments in a wide variety of contexts.
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