Abstract
Fly ash generates as the result of coal combustion in thermoelectric power stations whereas ore mining activities produce mine waste-rock and tailings worldwide. High concentrations of metal(loid)s and organic pollutants in fly ash and mine wastes are released into soil, air and water presenting a global threat to the surrounding environment and human health. The environmentally sound management of fly ash and mine waste–rock and tailings includes monitoring stability of the dam construction and seepage flowrate, prevention of water erosion and dust spreading, reducing the footprint of the management facilities and successful restoration / revegetation. Harsh conditions prevailing on fly ash and mine deposits are unfavorable mechanical composition and pH, high concentrations of soluble salts, lack of nitrogen and phosphorous, reduced number of microorganisms and fungus, toxic concentrations of As, Au, Ag, B, Cu, Cd, Cr, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Zn and the presence of PAHs and PCBs. The review addresses phystostabilization, phytoextraction, rhizodegradation and phytodegradation as main phytoremediation green technologies which use plants to clean up the contaminated area to safe levels. Establishment of the self–sustaining vegetative cover on fly ash and mine deposits is crucial for recovering ecosystem health, stability and resilience. Therefore, here we have discussed the essential role of native plants in the ecorestoration process on waste deposits. Additional emphasis is given to the evaluation of plant adaptive response to pollution stress. This review presents a current knowledge in phytomanagement of fly ash deposits, mine waste-rock and tailings. Also, it provides a new frontier in restoration physiology where physiological and biochemical tools can be used to predict plant response to stressors and success of restoration projects.
Highlights
Thermal power plants using coal as major fuel for production of electricity worldwide generate large amounts of combustion coal residues (CCRs), such as fly ash, bottom ash, boiler slag and flues gas desulphurization materials (Heidrich et al, 2013)
Fly ash and mine disposal leads to the pollution of soil, surface and groundwater, dispersion of particles by wind having a negative impact on the surrounding environment and human health
Establishment of native plant species, sowing grasses, and legumes and planting shrubs and trees on these disposal sites is essential for ecorestoration success accelerating the chance for spontaneous colonization of numerous native species
Summary
Thermal power plants using coal as major fuel for production of electricity worldwide generate large amounts of combustion coal residues (CCRs), such as fly ash, bottom ash, boiler slag and flues gas desulphurization materials (Heidrich et al, 2013).
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