Abstract
Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) has the potential to yield new insights into the prediction and modeling of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB). The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility and validity of an EMA protocol to assess older adults’ PA and SB. Feasibility was determined by examining factors associated with EMA survey compliance and if PA or SB were impacted by EMA survey compliance. Validity was determined by comparing EMA-reported PA and SB to objectively measured PA and SB at the EMA prompt. Over 10 days, older adults (n = 104; Agerange = 60–98 years) received 6 randomly prompted EMA questionnaires on a smartphone each day and wore an ActivPAL activity monitor to provide a device-based measure of PA and SB. Participants reported whether they were currently engaged in PA or SB. Older adults were compliant with the EMA and ActivPAL protocol on 92% of occasions. Differences in EMA compliance differed by weight status. Among overweight and obese older adults EMA compliance differed by sex (OR = 3.15, 95% CI: 1.43, 6.92) and day of week (OR = 1.79, 95% CI: 1.33, 2.41). Among normal weight older adults, EMA compliance differed by time of day (OR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.02, 2.30). EMA compliance did not differ for device-based PA or SB in the 15 min before versus the 15 min after the EMA prompt, suggesting that these behaviors did not influence likelihood of responding and responding did not influence these behaviors (ps > 0.05). When PA was reported through EMA, participants engaged in less device-based PA in the 15 min after compared to the 15 min before the EMA prompt (p = 0.01), suggesting possible reactance or a disruption of PA. EMA-reported PA and SB were positively associated with higher device-based PA and SB in the ±15 min, respectively, supporting criterion validity (ps < 0.05). The assessment of older adults’ PA and SB through EMA is feasible and valid, although there may be PA reactance to EMA prompting. Therefore, EMA represents a significant methodological tool that can aid in our understanding of the environmental, social, and psychological processes regulating older adults’ PA and SB in the context of everyday life.
Highlights
Physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) independently contribute to health and well-being across the lifespan (Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee, 2008; de Rezende et al, 2014)
An additional 60 occasions were excluded from data analysis because, based on the sleep and wake time log, participants received the Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) prompt while sleeping, awoke to complete the questionnaire, went back to sleep after completing it
While older adults’ adoption of mobile phone technology lags behind younger populations, previous studies suggest older adults are willing to engage with novel technology, FIGURE 3 | Device-based mean minutes of concurrent physical activity by EMA-reported current activity
Summary
Physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) independently contribute to health and well-being across the lifespan (Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee, 2008; de Rezende et al, 2014). PA levels decline and SB levels increase as individuals age, with older adults engaging in less than 10 min of moderateto vigorous-intensity PA each day and sitting for more than twothirds of their waking hours (Harvey et al, 2014; Martin et al, 2014). To understand these behaviors as well as their causes and correlates, researchers rely on accurate and unbiased measures of PA and SB (Haskell, 2012). Device-based measures are susceptible to high amounts of missing data resulting from device non-wear (Colley et al, 2010)
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