Abstract
Ecological modernization is an approach to addressing environmental problems that suggests ecological crisis can be resolved politically, economically, and technologically in the context of existing institutions and power structures and continued economic growth. Political institutions and processes can be modernized in order to change the direction of the economy toward environmental improvement. It places considerable emphasis on the roles of technology, innovation, and market dynamics as drivers for change. Ecological modernization is both a theory of, and a practical program for, change. Despite incorporation into policies in a number of nation‐states, ecological modernization has been criticized for its poor theorization of the state and power relations, as well as its co‐option by vested interests.
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