Ecological Modernization in Practice? The Case of Sustainable Development in Sweden

Abstract

Sweden is widely considered a forerunner in environmental policy and one of the most ecologically modernized countries in the world. However, like most other countries, it has not been able to escape from economic recession, high unemployment rates and increasing social segregation. Doubts have also been raised as to whether the rosy picture of successful eco-modernization corresponds to policy in practice. How does Sweden stand the test when bold sustainable development goals confront the challenges of financial and economic crisis and strong pressure on its social welfare system? The analysis finds that Sweden has officially adopted an eco-modernist understanding of society where economic growth, social welfare and environmental values and interests support each other, with economic growth notably considered the crucial driver. However, reconciling these dimensions into one integrated strategy for sustainable development is easier said than done, and it is shown that the gulf between policy rhetoric and practice is deeper than recognized and may even be increasing. The article finally addresses the question of whether this conclusion indicates the dead-end of eco-modernization as a discursive guideline for sustainable development or if it is rather a trigger for a more radical approach to eco-modernization.