Abstract
Determining the influence of abiotic and biotic factors on pest dispersal behavior is a critical component of integrated pest management. The behavioral and physiological traits of movement of the Asian Citrus Psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, has received significant attention. Field and laboratory experiments have explored the physiological capabilities of ACP dispersal, as well as, the abiotic and biotic drivers that initiate movement behavior. Abiotic factors such as temperature, barometric pressure, humidity, landscape, and orchard architecture, as well as, biotic factors including mating status, pathogen infection, and morphotype have been investigated in great detail. The current review focuses on dispersal of ACP with the goal of synthesizing current knowledge to suggest management tactics. Overall, vision serves as the primary modality for host finding in ACP. Current data suggest that ACP populations increase more within uniform landscapes of seedling trees, as compared to mature orchards with randomly interspersed young seedlings. The data also suggest that establishment and conservation of visual and physical barriers might be beneficial to protect orchards from ACP. Management of ACP must take into account large-area cooperation, orchard border surveillance and treatment, removal of non-crop habitat, and an understanding that immigration can occur from distances of several kilometers.
Highlights
During the past decade and a half, research dedicated to the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Candidatus Liberibacter sp.) huanglongbing (HL) pathosystem has expanded significantly
ACP predominantly reproduce on plants in the Rutaceae family; reproduction on Ficus carica L
ACP are attracted to leaf volatiles of various citrus species, which in some cases have been identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) [29]
Summary
During the past decade and a half, research dedicated to the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Candidatus Liberibacter sp.) huanglongbing (HL) pathosystem has expanded significantly. This is due to the economic toll that huanglongbing has imposed on global citrus production and the efforts required to mitigate it. Many of these reviews remain current, despite the astonishing pace with which new publications on HLB emerge, and this paper is not intended to replace them. The purpose of this mini-review is to focus on vector-pathogen-HLB interactions as they relate to vector movement and dispersal behavior. Management of HLB requires a holistic approach and attention to the complete disease triangle. Insects 2019, 10, 208 of vector dispersal and movement is critical for development and implementation of management plans that aim to either exclude or treat this disease
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