Abstract
In the early 1960’s biologists were attempting to simulate evolution in natural systems (e.g., Fraser 1960, 1962). About this same time, Holland was working towards the goal of expressing mathematically the adaptive processes of natural systems in order to create artificial systems using these processes. Holland’s 1975 publication “Adaptation in natural and artificial systems” provides a landmark conceptual framework for evolutionary adaptation in artificial systems using genetic algorithms. His work on genetic algorithms was based on the premise that natural evolution offers the best model for balancing efficiency and flexibility in complex systems.
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