Abstract
Vespula germanica ( German wasp) is considered a dangerous pest that attacks bees and orchards, and its sting harmful to humans , found in much of the Northern Hemisphere, Khalaf was recorded in Iraq in 1958, it was limited to registration within the Iraqi insects fauna only, and no any biological or environmental studies in Iraq. Therefore, study aimed for understanding of some aspects of the insect. During three years, 2018-2019- and 2020, field survey in different fields in Duhok, Iraqi Kurdistan, collected 27 nests to investigate several colony characteristics. Our study showed the size of mature nests is correlated to number of individuals produced. observed that the German hornet builds its nests in different places as on trees and shrubs, on roofs of houses , buildings, animal pens, poultry fields, and near water sources. Queen begins to appear at beginning of May, workers at beginning of July, as for the males and virgins, they appeared in October. And all members cast die in winter except newly fertilized queens remain, who hibernate to next season. Showed the activity of workers increases with the progression of the hours of the day and that their highest activity is during the hour (9-11) in the morning, at rate 100 wasps/hour. seasonal activity starts from May to November, and highest activity recording during July, August, and September. The highest average of sealed brood area 3.11inch during July , highest average number of hexagonal eyes 91 eyes/nest in October.
Highlights
The yellow wasp or German wasp or European wasp Vespula germanica (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) is an invasive eusocial vespid it has invaded New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, North America, Canada, Chile, and Argentina (Beggs et al, 2011)
The nest was anesthetized by injecting carbon dioxide (CO2) into the cone for half a minute to facilitate the process of counting individuals. 2-Effect of weather condition on brood area production of yellow wasps: The area brood production was estimated weekly after obtaining their measured areas for three years respectively, by used standard small frame special foundation grade by silk into squares of 1 inch, As for the average number of brood area in nest, wire was used, including a square with one inch, and placed on the nest, number of brood area inside the square was calculated for all colony,queen, worker and male of yellow wasp
The results showed that the Germany wasp Vespulagermanica were found attacking vegetables, Orchards, and honeybees Apismellifera during July to November (2018-2019 and 2020), the V. germanica started to appear in small numbers
Summary
The yellow wasp or German wasp or European wasp Vespula germanica (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) is an invasive eusocial vespid it has invaded New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, North America, Canada, Chile, and Argentina (Beggs et al, 2011) Khalaf recorded it in Iraq in,1958 ( Khalaf, 1958) and Augul,(,2017). Studied the Ecological behavior of V. germanica under environmental conditions, which that a major urban pest in the invaded range understanding their behavior and may help us to improve the development of local and regional management strategies To control this pest, by focusing the effect of climate factors on the decrease of the local abundance of individuals, and slow the spread of this species. German wasp is an increasing problem in Iraq / Kurdistan region additional that no studied and information about this pest
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