Eco-innovations in developing countries: The case of Manaus Free Trade Zone (Brazil)

Abstract

Innovations focused on sustainability are called in academic papers sustainable innovations, environmental innovations, eco-innovations or green innovations. This is an emerging subject whose terms and concepts are still not fully consolidated. In addition, literature review indicates the need to identify the challenges to the implementation of eco-innovations in developing countries, especially in resource-rich regions. Such is the case of the Manaus Free Trade Zone (MFTZ) in Brazil. This research aims to identify factors that promote or inhibit eco-innovations in this context by analyzing the impact of these drivers and companies' orientation to innovation. This is a case study that aimed at assessing industries of the MFTZ. Data was collected through in-depth interviews, direct observation and analyses of formal documentation. Data collected was analysed through content analysis. The results obtained demonstrated despite the region's vocation for environmental issues, initiatives on eco innovations are still scarce. The companies studied were also dependent on their headquarters, which means that there is little concern over local issues and investment in eco-innovations is low. In conclusion, this study makes a theoretical and practical contribution to research on eco-innovation. Firstly, it analyses drivers of eco innovation in developing countries, especially in free trade zones. New drivers have been identified and those presented in previous researches demonstrated that their impact on eco-innovations is less significant. Secondly, it provides a panoramic understanding of the main eco-innovation processes as local condition to develop eco-innovation. Finally, it offers significant insights for researchers and experts who are challenged by the need to perform sustainability from an eco-innovation point of view (difficulties and hindrances to eco-innovate).