Abstract
Water pollution poses significant health and environmental risks, impacting ecosystems and human health. This study investigates the removal of potassium permanganate (KMnO4) from water using a magnetic hydrochar composite (HTCNP) synthesized from Calotropis procera (CP) leaves through a single-step hydrothermal carbonization process. This eco-friendly and efficient synthesis method provides an advantageous alternative to traditional multi-step processes. Structural analysis confirmed the composite’s porous structure and functional groups that contribute to effective adsorption. Under optimal conditions (pH 7, adsorbent dose of 1 g/L, contact time of 60 minutes, and temperature of 298 K), HTCNP achieved a maximum adsorption capacity of 388.09 mg/g. Adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order model, and the adsorption behavior aligned with the Freundlich isotherm, indicating multilayer adsorption on a heterogeneous surface. Furthermore, the HTCNP composite demonstrated good reusability over five cycles, maintaining high removal efficiency, and effectively removed KMnO4 from real wastewater samples. These findings highlight the potential of HTCNP as an efficient, sustainable, and practical adsorbent for water purification applications, contributing to environmental protection and public health improvement.
Published Version
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