Ecofriendly biofunctionalized gold nanoparticles using naturally available extract and evaluation of antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial and their toxicity in brine shrimp

Abstract

In the current study, synthesized a gold nanoparticle (GNPs) using a biological method utilizing an earthworm coelomic fluid extract. The nanoparticles were characterized using several spectrometric and microscopic investigations. The results show that crystalline GNPs with spherical nanoparticles, with sizes ranging from 29.79 nm and a surface plasmon peak at 533 nm. According to FTIR findings, protein and phenol may be in responsible of reducing and stabilizing NPs. GNPs' crystalline nature was shown by XRD. The inhibitory acitivity of was tested against MCF-7 cell lines. The IC50 values for coelomic fluid and GNPs were 122.24 and 114.54 μg/mL, respectively; this suggests that GNPs were more toxic than coelomic fluid. GNPs at IC50 concentration significantly increased the number of apoptotic cells. The alkaline comet test showed that GNPs significantly increased the induction of DNA damage. The results of this study indicate that the inhibitory effect of GNPs on cell proliferation is reliant on the response of the cells and may be modified by metabolic status of the cells, which affects their charge and interactions with charged nanoparticles. In vitro experiments measured the synthesized GNPs scavenging activity using ABTS+, DPPH and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The maximum concentration of antioxidant activity was observed at 300 μg/mL. Maximum zones of inhibition for GNPs evaluated against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) at 125 μg/mL were 19.66 mm and 16.5 mm, respectively. The A. salina treated with GNPs did not show any histological changes after 14 d of exposure.