Abstract
The livestock waste is major source of noxious gases, harmful pathogens and odor; hence, it has public health and environmental concern. Hence, livestock waste is to be managed properly to mitigate production of these pollutants in order to protect environment. Proper utilization of livestock waste into biogas, compost and vermicompost making can be very useful to increase crop yield and sustainability. The work carried out regarding livestock waste management and value addition in some developed and some developing countries have been reviewed. India and China are the two leading Asian countries using biogas technology. The biogas can be successfully purified and after bottling at 150 bar pressure can be used as CNG cylinders in vehicular and cooking application. The biogas plant of 60 m3 capacity if used for biogas bottling can save $147/day. The integration of composting and vermicomposting is better compared to either composting or vermicomposting as it requires less time to complete cycle and furthermore, the substrates produced after combined process has better physical and chemical properties which can support crops. The recent work suggested that algae cultivation from livestock waste can be converted into bio-oil and other many valuable products. The waste fed or livestock integrated fish farming has good potential to generate the income.
Highlights
During last decade, the livestock keeping practices were changed from mixed farming systems to specialized dairy farming with zero grazing under confinement
Livestock waste can be recycled by many modern ways in order to combat rising energy prices, sustainable agricultural and reduce the environmental threats from traditional livestock waste management practices
China, Germany, Malaysia, Brazil are some of the leading countries in world to take advantage of biogas technology
Summary
The livestock keeping practices were changed from mixed farming systems to specialized dairy farming with zero grazing under confinement This system of livestock keeping is termed as confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs) which are specialized and intensive livestock farming. These trends of livestock keeping adapted to improve profitability have resulted in the pollution of air, water and soil (Gerber et al 2005). 40 % of global methane is produced by agriculture and livestock by-products followed by 18 % from waste disposal globally (EPA 1998). It is a rich source of energy and fertilizer elements which can be recovered for betterment of agriculture.
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