Eco-friendly and bio-based approaches for flame-retardant functionalization of textile materials: a review

Abstract

ABSTRACT The use of natural and synthetic textile materials in various industries is significant, but their flammability poses a risk in case of fire accidents. These textile materials contain a significant amount of carbon and hydrogen in their structure, which can act as fuel for combustion. As a result, these textile materials can be hazardous in the event of a fire accident. Therefore, the application of fire-retardant treatments to textile materials has great importance to mitigate fire risks. Despite the availability of numerous effective flame retardants for textile applications, there is a need to develop new environmentally friendly flame-retardant agents and treatments that are both effective and environmentally friendly. The application of flame-retardant compounds is evolving globally, considering modifications to textile surfaces and the use of environmentally friendly materials. Thus, this review focuses on the functionalization of textile materials with bio-based and eco-friendly flame retardants and reviews recent studies on the use of compounds such as phytic acid, lignin, eggshell, gelatin, chitosan, nanosized/nanomaterial, and phosphorus-containing flame retardants on natural and synthetic textiles. The review highlights bio-based and eco-friendly approaches and improvement of flame-retardant efficiency of textiles through synergistic interaction of phosphorus with other environmentally acceptable elements like nitrogen and silicon.