Abstract
This study aims to measure the environmental costs (eco-cost) and the eco-efficiency ratio rate (EER) of the production of pencils and formulate some recommendations to improve the manufacture sustainability. The measurement of Eco-efficiency was performed using life cycle assessment (LCA) with the eco-cost method. The pencil manufacturer produces a waste of 20 %, and the product rejects 37 %. The material used is wood, slat, and chemical material for painting. The result of the data processing shows that the eco-costs of IDR 50.593.583 for 4200 grosses production lot size. The eco-efficiency index or EEI for pencil product was 1,69, which means that the products are affordable and sustainable. The eco-efficiency ratio rate (EER) is 41% means that pencil production processes need improvement. The single score Impact Category Diagram shows that the most significant environment impact category is climate change. The recommendation to improve the EER of pencil production based on Impact Category Diagram is (1) to increase the utilizing of wood waste and (2) to increase the capability of technicians and operators to reduce the product rejection. These recommendations aim to reduce the wood consumed in production.
Highlights
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) identifies and quantifies the use of natural resources and energy, which is disposed into the environment
After summing the value of the environmental impact category of all the production stage, values convert to the euro by the normalization process
The result of data processing of the life cycle assessment concluded that the value of eco-costs of the impact category is IDR 50.593.583 and the most significant impact is on climate change
Summary
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) identifies and quantifies the use of natural resources and energy, which is disposed into the environment. Life cycle assessment is a tool for decision making and industrial policymakers in assessing the impact of cradle to grave product or process. The first force is government regulations that led to the "life cycle state responsibility", where manufacturing has a responsibility to the impact of production, transportation, and disposal phase. Consumers and government procurement guidelines develop by placing LCA as a tool to identify the impact of cradle to grave based products and materials they create. Impact life cycle or cradle to grave was derived from activities ranging from raw material extraction, production process, delivery or distribution of products to consumers, the use of the product by the consumer, and the destruction or restoration of the product after the product life [2]
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