Abstract
Biosorptive removal of basic fuchsin (BF) from wastewater samples was achieved using the recycled agro-wastes of pistachio nut shells (PNS). Seven adsorbents were developed; raw shells (RPNS) and the thermally activated biomasses at six different temperatures (250–500 °C). Two measures were implemented to assess the performance of utilized adsorbents; %removal (%R) and adsorption capacity (qe). RPNS proved to be the best among the tested adsorbents. A smart approach, definitive-screening design (DSD) was operated to test the impact of independent variables on the adsorption capacity of RPNS. pH, adsorbent dose (AD), dye concentration (DC), and stirring time (ST), were the tested variables. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), control, and quality charts helped establishing regression model. Characterization was performed using Fourier- transform infrared (FT-IR)/Raman spectroscopies together with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analyses. The surface area and other textural properties were determined using the Brunauer Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis. Removal of 99.71% of BF with an adsorption capacity of 118.2 mg/g could be achieved using a factorial blend of pH 12, 100 mg/50 mL of RPNS, and 250 ppm BF for 20 min. Equilibrium studies reveal that the adsorption is physisorption with adsorption energy of 7.45 kJ/mol as indicated by Dubinin-Radushkevich (DR) and Langmuir isotherms. Moreover, adsorption follows pseudo-second-order kinetics with respect to BF and is controlled by the adsorption rate.
Highlights
With the progress of human life and the escalating anthropogenic activities, pollution of water has become a crucial environmental concern
Pistachio nutshells leaves could be re-utilized as an adsorbent for basic fuchsin from contaminated water samples
Seven adsorbents could be developed from pistachio nut shells (PNS)
Summary
With the progress of human life and the escalating anthropogenic activities, pollution of water has become a crucial environmental concern. The discharge of these industries is basically ‘huge’ amounts of intensively colored wastewaters Release of such an effluent into the receiving water bodies causes a direct mutilation of water quality in terms of the aesthetic properties (color, pH, salinity, total organic carbon (TOC), suspended solids, etc.). Such a change negatively impacts the ecosystem. Just thinking about the capability to restrain the photosynthetic ability of water plants and microorganisms, shows the magnitude of the problem. This effect is worsened by the diverse structure of these dyes and their resistance to biodegradation. The negative impact does only involve the environment and extends to human health with reported carcinogenic activity [2,3,4,5]
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