Abstract
A surface reverberation model for acoustic frequencies below several kHz is proposed based on weak scatter from inhomogeneities whose geometry is descriptive of recent ocean observation [e.g., Farmer and Vagle, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 86, 1897 (1989)]. Scatterers in this model are vertical cylinders of elliptical cross section representing either filamentary- or sheetlike subresonant microbubble clouds whose population decreases exponentially with depth. This geometry approximates intermediate-aged fossils of breaking waves and/or convective processes. Born approximation (weak scatter) results from this model show substantial agreement with observed surface backscatter cross sections as a function of wind speed, grazing angle, and acoustic frequency in the range 0.2–20 kHz. It is demonstrated that almost all the high-frequency weak backscatter in the model is specular reflection from surfaces of volume scatterers. Some preliminary speculations involving Langmuir circulation are offered for the application of this model to surface reverberation at frequencies below a few hundred Hz, where data are scarce.
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