Echocardiography with Tissue Doppler Imaging and cardiopulmonary exercise testing in patients with heart failure: A correlative and prognostic analysis

Abstract

Background Previous investigations have established the prognostic value of variables obtained from both echocardiography with tissue Doppler Imaging (TDI) and cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) in patients with heart failure (HF). Past prognostic comparisons of variables obtained from these evaluation techniques have been limited to the comparison of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) vs. peak oxygen consumption (VO 2). The present investigation undertakes a more thorough correlative and prognostic assessment. Methods Two hundred and forty-three patients with HF (190 male/53 female, age: 62.2 ± 9.7) underwent echocardiography with TDI and CPX to determine the following variables: 1) the ratio between mitral early ( E) to mitral annular ( E´) velocity, 2) LVEF, 3) LV mass, 4) LV end systolic volume (LVESV), 5) Peak VO 2, 6) The minute ventilation/carbon dioxide production (VE/VCO 2) slope, and 7) Exercise oscillatory ventilation (EOV). Results There were 43 cardiac-related deaths during the four-year tracking period. In the multivariate analysis, E/ E′ was the strongest prognostic variable (Chi-square: 46.1, p < 0.001). LV mass (Residual chi-square: 16.8, p < 0.001), LVESV (Residual chi-square: 8.0, p = 0.005) and the VE/VCO 2 slope (Residual chi-square: 4.6, p = 0.03) all added significant predictive value and were retained in the regression. Conclusions The results of the present study indicate several variables obtained from echocardiography with TDI are prognostically important in HF. The VE/VCO 2 slope, which is one of the strongest prognostic markers obtained from CPX, adds prognostic value to these variables. A combined analysis of both noninvasive techniques may improve the prognostic characterization of patients with HF.