Echocardiographic Assessment of the Right Ventricle, from the Conventional Approach to Speckle Tracking and Three-Dimensional Imaging, and Insights into the "Right Way" to Explore the Forgotten Chamber.

Abstract

BACKGROUNDThe right ventricle (RV) has an essential function in cardiovascular physiology and pathology. Currently, it is gaining an increasing interest given its recognized role in many cardiovascular conditions. However, echocardiographic assessment of the RV in daily practice is frequently based on qualitative estimation, and it has been regarded as a neglected chamber.OBJECTIVEWe sought to review and discuss the appropriate approach and latest methods of assessment of the RV by echocardiography.METHODSA MEDLINE/Pubmed search was performed, and 55 relevant articles were selected; articles addressing right ventricular assessment by echocardiography, along with the latest recommendations, have been reviewed and discussed.RESULTSA RV diameter >42 mm at the base and >35 mm at the mid-cavitary level indicates right ventricular dilatation; a longitudinal myocardial velocity (S’) <9.5 mm/s, a tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion <17 mm, and a fractional area change <35% are indices of right ventricular systolic dysfunction. A right ventricular ejection fraction of >45% and an absolute value of global longitudinal strain of >21% reflect normal systolic function. The significance of dp/dt, the right myocardial performance index and isovolumic myocardial acceleration, is also discussed along with the parameters of right ventricular diastolic function. The use of novel echocardiographic approaches, such as three-dimensional echo and speckle tracking imaging, allows practitioners to overcome the challenges encountered with conventional echocardiography.CONCLUSIONAccurate assessment of the RV by echocardiography yields early detection of cardiac diseases, enhances risk stratification, and allows timely initiation of appropriate therapy.