Abstract
Abstract Echinodermata is a bilaterian phylum with a body plan that has diverged significantly from the common bilaterian plan. Echinoderms are pentaradially symmetrical and have a unique type of mesodermal skeleton that lies just under the integument. In addition, they display several more unique structures and systems, such as the water vascular system that functions in gas exchange, excretion, and locomotion, and mutable collagenous tissue that is able to change its physical properties under neuronal control and become alternately rigid or relaxed. The five classes within Echinodermata each use these unusual components differently and have different manifestations of the radial symmetry, sometimes evolving a secondary anterior–posterior axis. The five extant classes are Echinoidea (sea urchins), Asteroidea (sea stars), Ophiuroidea (brittle stars), Crinoidea (sea lilies), and Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers).
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