Abstract
The indication and minimal requirements for preoperative invasive mediastinal nodal staging are well determined by the European Society of Thoracic Surgery (ESTS) guidelines published in 2007. A cervical mediastinoscopy is considered the gold standard, with endosonography as an alternative strategy, provided that a complete mapping of the mediastinal nodal stations is performed. The ESTS guidelines recommended systematic exploration and biopsy of at least the right and left paratracheal and the subcarinal nodal stations.
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