Abstract
Near-infrared (NIR)-induced chemothermal doxorubicin (DOX) release for anticancer activity was demonstrated using DOX-incorporated fully lateral nanodimensional graphene oxide (nGO) flakes layered with chitosan-polyethylene glycol (PEG) conjugate (nGO@DOX-cPEG) from a single-pass gas-phase self-assembly. Unlike most previously reported graphene oxide-based drug carriers, the proposed processing method introduced a fully nanoscale (both in lateral dimension and thickness) configuration without multistep wet physicochemical processes that enhance the drug-loading capacity and NIR-induced heat generation resulting from the increased surface area. The accumulation of nGO@DOX-cPEG flakes in prostate cancer cells enhanced apoptotic phenomena via the combined effects of DOX release and heat generation upon NIR irradiation. The combined anticancer effects were verified through in vivo assessment with better safety profiles than free DOX. The proposed strategy warrants continuous assembly of multimodal nanocarriers for the efficient treatment of prostate cancers and may be a promising candidate for advanced drug delivery systems.
Highlights
Chemotherapy for cancer treatment has several serious limitations, such as toxicity, cancer recurrence and drug resistance; realizable alternative therapeutic approaches must be developed to secure their efficacy and safety.[1,2] In the past 20 years, tremendous efforts have been undertaken to utilize nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems to resolve these issues and improve the therapeutic efficacy for optimal cancer treatments.[3,4,5] Drug release in combination with hyperthermia therapy can efficiently kill cancer cells in a specific tumor region, thereby minimizing damage to normal healthy tissues.[6]
The nanodimensional graphene oxide (nGO)@DOX flakes were larger than individual nGO flakes because of the deposition of DOX components on nGO surfaces during solvent extraction from the hybrid droplets (Figure 1)
The significant changes in mechanical properties, such as pressure, velocity and density, were caused by the hybrid droplets that passed through the atomizer orifice, which may redistribute the DOX particles on nGO surfaces and result in no significant size increases of nGO flakes after DOX incorporation
Summary
Chemotherapy for cancer treatment has several serious limitations, such as toxicity, cancer recurrence and drug resistance; realizable alternative therapeutic approaches must be developed to secure their efficacy and safety.[1,2] In the past 20 years, tremendous efforts have been undertaken to utilize nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems to resolve these issues and improve the therapeutic efficacy for optimal cancer treatments.[3,4,5] Drug release in combination with hyperthermia therapy can efficiently kill cancer cells in a specific tumor region, thereby minimizing damage to normal healthy tissues.[6]. The accumulation of nGO@DOX-cPEG flakes in prostate cancer cells enhanced apoptotic phenomena via the combined effects of DOX release and heat generation upon NIR irradiation.
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