Abstract
Stellar nucleosynthesis is a widely acknowledged theory for the formation of all elements in our universe; traditionally, we say that the highest mass stars transmuted lighter elements into heavier elements lighter than iron. Here, we propose that the formation of 25 elements with smaller atomic numbers than iron resulted from an endothermic nuclear transformation of two nuclei confined in the natural compound lattice core of the Earth’s lower mantle at high temperatures and pressures. This process is accompanied by the generation of neutrinos and is influenced by excited electrons generated by stick-sliding during supercontinent evolution, mantle convection triggered by major asteroid collisions, and nuclear fusion in the Earth’s core. Therefore, our study suggests that the Earth itself has been able to create lighter elements by nuclear transmutation.
Highlights
The Big Bang theory1 proposes that hydrogen, helium, and trace amounts of lithium were the only elements in existence when the universe first formed
Hotter and heavier stars transmuted lighter elements into heavier elements up to and including iron through exothermic stellar nucleosynthesis in their cores
We considered the potential for nuclear transmutation of natural minerals containing Mg with Fe, Al with Mg, and Al with Si as examples
Summary
The Big Bang theory proposes that hydrogen, helium, and trace amounts of lithium were the only elements in existence when the universe first formed. Big Bang nucleosynthesis produced elements no heavier than lithium. Many neutrons passing through the outer regions of the stars collide with the atoms of elements lighter than iron (number 26 in the periodic table), resulting in elements heavier than iron via neutron incorporation.. Many neutrons passing through the outer regions of the stars collide with the atoms of elements lighter than iron (number 26 in the periodic table), resulting in elements heavier than iron via neutron incorporation.3 This theory is the basis of convention for the formation of all elements in our universe. Regarding Earth formation, it is generally believed that the terrestrial planets have formed by accretion of solid materials that condensed from the solar nebula
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