Early Universe Thermodynamics and Evolution in Nonviscous and Viscous Strong and Electroweak Epochs: Possible Analytical Solutions

Abstract

Simple SummaryIn the early Universe, both QCD and EW eras play an essential role in laying seeds for nucleosynthesis and even dictating the cosmological large-scale structure. Taking advantage of recent developments in ultrarelativistic nuclear experiments and nonperturbative and perturbative lattice simulations, various thermodynamic quantities including pressure, energy density, bulk viscosity, relaxation time, and temperature have been calculated up to the TeV-scale, in which the possible influence of finite bulk viscosity is characterized for the first time and the analytical dependence of Hubble parameter on the scale factor is also introduced.Based on recent perturbative and non-perturbative lattice calculations with almost quark flavors and the thermal contributions from photons, neutrinos, leptons, electroweak particles, and scalar Higgs bosons, various thermodynamic quantities, at vanishing net-baryon densities, such as pressure, energy density, bulk viscosity, relaxation time, and temperature have been calculated up to the TeV-scale, i.e., covering hadron, QGP, and electroweak (EW) phases in the early Universe. This remarkable progress motivated the present study to determine the possible influence of the bulk viscosity in the early Universe and to understand how this would vary from epoch to epoch. We have taken into consideration first- (Eckart) and second-order (Israel–Stewart) theories for the relativistic cosmic fluid and integrated viscous equations of state in Friedmann equations. Nonlinear nonhomogeneous differential equations are obtained as analytical solutions. For Israel–Stewart, the differential equations are very sophisticated to be solved. They are outlined here as road-maps for future studies. For Eckart theory, the only possible solution is the functionality, , where is the Hubble parameter and is the scale factor, but none of them so far could to be directly expressed in terms of either proper or cosmic time t. For Eckart-type viscous background, especially at finite cosmological constant, non-singular and are obtained, where diverges for QCD/EW and asymptotic EoS. For non-viscous background, the dependence of is monotonic. The same conclusion can be drawn for an ideal EoS. We also conclude that the rate of decreasing with increasing varies from epoch to epoch, at vanishing and finite cosmological constant. These results obviously help in improving our understanding of the nucleosynthesis and the cosmological large-scale structure.