Abstract
Behavior mapping (BM) is a spatial data collection technique in which the locational and behavioral information of a user is noted on a plan layout of the studied environment. Among many indoor positioning technologies, we chose Wi-Fi, BLE beacon and ultra-wide band (UWB) sensor technologies for their popularity and investigated their applicability in BM. We tested three technologies for error ranges and found an average error of 1.39 m for Wi-Fi in a 36 m2 test area (6 m × 6 m), 0.86 m for the BLE beacon in a 37.44 m2 test area (9.6 m × 3.9 m) and 0.24 m for ultra-wide band sensors in a 36 m2 test area (6 m × 6 m). We simulated the applicability of these error ranges for real-time locations by using a behavioral dataset collected from an active learning classroom. We used two UWB tags simultaneously by incorporating a custom-designed ceiling system in a new 39.76 m2 test area (7.35 m × 5.41 m). We considered 26 observation points and collected data for 180 s for each point (total 4680) with an average error of 0.2072 m for 23 points inside the test area. Finally, we demonstrated the use of ultra-wide band sensor technology for BM.
Highlights
Behavior mapping is an outcome of systematic observation and provides significant design information through linking spatial attributes to the behaviors of the people observed [1,2].The observation of human behavior requires an interface to represent the use of different settings and objects through their location and proximity
Three popular indoor positioning technologies have been considered for automated behavior mapping
Based on the tests conducted and the accuracy levels obtained in parallel with the literature on indoor positioning systems, ultra-wide band (UWB) sensor technology was selected to be further studied for automated behavior mapping
Summary
Behavior mapping is an outcome of systematic observation and provides significant design information through linking spatial attributes to the behaviors of the people observed [1,2].The observation of human behavior requires an interface to represent the use of different settings and objects through their location and proximity. This overall map is an important source for understanding behavioral patterns in a given space, since it provides visual data about the observed activities [4] By consulting these overall maps, design researchers and practitioners can start to question why some settings are used more often than others, how the environment being studied works for different user groups throughout the day and the relationship between design features and the behaviors they support. These questions are often connected to theories used for understanding the environment and behavior [1,5]
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