Abstract

BackgroundThis study aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics and early soft tissue response to zirconium oxide (Zr) and titanium (Ti) healing abutments in dogs.MethodsEight implants (four at each hemi-mandible) were inserted after bilateral mandibular third and fourth premolars and first molar extraction in dogs. Then, two Zr and two Ti healing abutments were connected to each unilateral mandible eight weeks later. The ligation method was used to create a peri-implant mucositis model and the 24 abutments were divided into four groups: Zr or Ti healing abutments with ligation (ZrL, TiL) or non-ligation (ZrN, TiN). The clinical indices, peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF), and inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) were measured and analyzed on days 0 and 28. The dogs were then sacrificed on day 28, soft tissues around the implants were harvested, and inflammation infiltration was tested by immunohistochemistry. Normal distribution test and two-way analysis of variance was used to analyze the data.ResultsThe results showed that the clinical indices were similar for Zr and Ti healing abutments. There was significantly more PICF in the ZrL and TiL groups compared to in the ZrN and TiN groups. The TNF-α levels in PICF were significantly different between ZrL and ZrN groups on day 28. And the TNF-α levels in PICF were significantly higher in TiL group on day 28 than that on day 0. However, the number of inflammatory cells was not significantly different between the groups as measured by immunohistochemistry.ConclusionsThese data indicate that soft tissue responses to Zr healing abutments with peri-implant mucositis were comparable to those of Ti healing abutments in vivo, providing a theoretical foundation for the clinical application of Zr abutments.

Highlights

  • This study aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics and early soft tissue response to zirconium oxide (Zr) and titanium (Ti) healing abutments in dogs

  • These data indicate that soft tissue responses to Zr healing abutments with peri-implant mucositis were comparable to those of Ti healing abutments in vivo, providing a theoretical foundation for the clinical application of Zr abutments

  • No differences were observed in the plaque index (PI) and probing depth (PD) among the four groups on days 0 and 28 or in the gingival index (GI) of tissues around the Zr and Ti healing abutments on day 0

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Summary

Introduction

This study aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics and early soft tissue response to zirconium oxide (Zr) and titanium (Ti) healing abutments in dogs. Various hazards, including bacterial accumulation, overloading, and prosthetic manipulation, adversely affect the attachment of peri-implant soft tissues to abutments [2, 4, 5]. Over the past few decades, titanium (Ti) has become the gold standard material for dental implants and implant abutments due to its excellent biocompatibility, mechanical strength, and corrosion resistance in complex oral environments [6,7,8]. Yttrium oxide-stabilized zirconium oxide (Zr) has gained increasing attention for its excellent esthetic properties, mechanical properties, and ideal biocompatibility [13, 14]. Less soft tissue inflammation infiltration has been reported in response to Zr healing caps compared to Ti healing caps [18]

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