Early rehabilitation aggravates brain damage after stroke via enhanced activation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX)

Abstract

IntroductionAlthough physical exercise has emerged as a potential therapeutic modality for functional deficits following ischemic stroke, the extent of this effect appears to be contingent upon the time of exercise initiation. In the present study, we assessed how exercise timing affected brain damage through hyperglycolysis-associated NADPH oxidase (NOX) activation. MethodsUsing an intraluminal filament, adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 2h and assigned to one non-exercise and three exercise groups. Exercise on Rota-rod was initiated for 30min at 6h (considered very early), at 24h (early), and at day 3 (relatively late) after reperfusion. Lactate production was measured 30min after exercise completion, and NOX activity and protein expression of NOX subunits (p47phox, gp91phox, p22phox and p67phox) and glucose transporter 1 and 3 (Glut-1 and -3) were measured at 3 and 24h after exercise. Apoptotic cell death was determined at 24h after exercise. ResultsLactate production and Glut-1 and Glut-3 expression were increased after very early exercise (6h), but not after late exercise (3 days), suggesting hyperglycolysis. NOX activity was increased with the initiation of exercise at 6h (P<0.05), but not 24h or 3 days, following stroke. Early (6 and 24h), but not late (3 days), post-stroke exercise was associated with increased (P<0.05) expression of the NOX protein subunit p47phox, gp91phoxand p67phox. This may have led to the enhanced apoptosis observed after early exercise in ischemic rats. ConclusionHyperglycolysis and NOX activation was associated with an elevation in apoptotic cell death after very early exercise, and the detrimental effect of exercise on stroke recovery began to decrease when exercise was initiated 24h after reperfusion.