Abstract
Bloodstream infection is an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Some components of the bacterial cell wall bind to receptors on the cell surface of the host monocytes and macrophages and induce cytokines production. This study assessed the levels of IL- 6 and TNF-α in 36 feverish Egyptian patients, with Gram positive bacterial infections. For early prediction of the infection, blood culture samples from feverish patients were collected from different medical hospitals in Cairo, Egypt. The recovered Gram-positive isolates were identified as Staphylococcus species and Micrococcus species. For patients, IL-6 and TNF-α were measured in the patients’ sera by ELISA. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined for the tested isolates using 16 antibiotics by Kirby Bauer disk diffusion. Cell membrane protein profile was performed to detect the bands responsible for TNF- α production. The IL-6 and TNF-α in sera of all patients, with Gram-positive bacterial infections, showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher levels as compared to that of their counterparts with negative bacterial blood cultures. Tested isolates showed antimicrobial resistance to most tested antibiotics. The bacterial cell membrane proteins bands between 29-36 kDa were detected in the tested isolates. Some Inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) can be used as valuable tools for early prediction of Gram-positive bacterial infections even before culture results are available.
Highlights
Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF- α) are two cytokines produced by activated macrophages in response to injury
It has been reported that Gram-positive bacteria induced twice the TNF-α level from human monocytes than Gram-negative bacteria
The principal difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria resides in their cell wall structure
Summary
Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF- α) are two cytokines produced by activated macrophages in response to injury. They mediate several systemic changes associated with trauma or infection such as fever, neutrophilia, and increased hepatic acute phase protein synthesis (Lukaszewski et al, 2008). CoNS are one of the most common infectious agents responsible for nosocomial blood stream infections, especially when patient is on indwelling devices and premature neonates with low birth weight. CoNS should not be considered as contaminants as their pathogenic role in nosocomial blood stream infection is continuously proven in different clinical situations (Parashar, 2014). The worldwide mortality associated with S. aureus bacteremia ranges from 30% to 50% (Kotsaki and Giamarellos-Bourboulis, 2012)
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