Early Paleozoic Continental Arc Mafic Magmatism in the North Qaidam Tectonic Belt: Implications for Subduction of the Proto-Tethyan Oceanic Lithosphere

Abstract

Abstract The North Qaidam tectonic belt is characterized by the development of high-pressure to ultrahigh-pressure eclogite formed during deep subduction of the continental lithosphere. However, the tectonic processes that occurred prior to continental collision/subduction are relatively poorly studied and this leads to controversy over the evolutionary history of the North Qaidam tectonic belt. In this contribution, we present an integrated study of field observations, petrography, geochronology, and geochemistry (whole-rock major elements, trace elements, and Sr–Nd isotopes as well as zircon Lu–Hf isotopes) of continental arc mafic rocks in the North Wulan metamorphic complex to track Proto-Tethyan oceanic subduction and the nature of metasomatism of the mantle wedge. Zircon U–Pb geochronology demonstrates that continental arc mafic rocks crystallized at ca. 483–472 Ma. Mafic intrusions are enriched in light rare earth elements and large ion lithophile elements but are depleted in high field strength elements; these are typical features of arc-related magmatic rocks. They have relatively radiogenic Sr–Nd–Hf isotope compositions, with relatively high initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios of 0.710363 to 0.719404, low εNdt values of -7.77 to -2.30, variable zircon εHft values ranging from -8 to +2.8, and the single-stage Hf model ages of ca. 1.4–1.0 Ga. These features suggest that the mafic intrusions were sourced from ancient subcontinental mantle that was modified by subducted oceanic slab-derived components. The modified mantle source was generated by the interaction between subcontinental lithospheric mantle peridotite in the overlying mantle wedge and hydrous fluid and felsic melt that were derived from a subducted oceanic slab and seafloor sediments with ancient terrestrial origin in the rutile stability field. Crust-mantle interaction transferred the subducted crustal geochemical signatures to the mantle source during subduction of the Proto-Tethyan oceanic lithosphere. Retreat and rollback of the Proto-Tethyan oceanic slab triggered asthenosphere upwelling and the partial melting of metasomatized and enriched fertile lithospheric mantle to form continental arc mafic magmas in the North Qaidam tectonic belt. Combined with the coeval LP-HT metamorphism, the North Wulan metamorphic complex records the early Paleozoic tectonic evolution of a continental arc-back-arc system, and these continental arc mafic rocks record the subduction of the Proto-Tethyan oceanic lithosphere.