Early Modern Migration from the Mid-Wales County of Radnorshire to Southeastern Pennsylvania, with Special Reference to Three Meredith Families

Although popular culture has awarded Massachusetts the distinction of being recognized as America's "witchcraft capital," it was Pennsylvania's earliest practitioners of the mystical arts who quietly fostered the archetype of the American "cunning man." Much like their European brethren, these hybrid practitioners of the occult arts often paired the esoteric worldview of the Renaissance magus with the practicality of the traditional sorcerer.

30 BULLETIN OF FRIENDS' HISTORICAL SOCIETY held at Curies in 1768,* being composed of 2 Quarterly Meetings . ... i, Cedar Creek Quarterly Meeting. . . . composed of 3 Monthly Meetings. ... 2, Black Water Quarterly Meeting composed of 2 Monthly Meetings. VI. The Yearly Meeting in North Carolina is held at the old Neck in Perquimons County the 4th 6th Day in ye 10 mo annually being composed of 2 Quarterly Meetings Viz.: 1, Perquimons & Pasquetank. . . . which is composed of 5 monthly Meetings. ... 2, New Garden & Cane Creek Quarterly Meeting. . . . being composed of 2 Quarterly Meetings." The " General Meetings " or " General Meetings for Worship " seem to have been purely religious meetings held once a year at suitable places in the Yearly Meetings. None are given for Virginia or North Carolina; whether this is because there were none, or because of lack of knowledge does not appear. The latter reason is not improbable, for the information given regarding those Yearly Meetings is less detailed than that regarding the other Yearly Meetings. It would have added much to the interest of the book had there been even an estimate of the number of members. Some of the spelling of the names is here given : Leister (Leicester) ; Marrineck (Mamaroneck) ; Shapaquash (Chappaqua) ; Ancocus (Rancocos) ; Nantmile (Nantmeal) ; Potapsco; Trentown; Newberry (Newburyport). A LETTER OF SARAH (ELLIS) WOOLMAN. The accompanying letter has recently come to light among a bundle addressed to members of the Morris and Smith families. It was written by Sarah Woolman, the widow of John Woolman, who had died in England four years before the date of this letter . She survived him until ( ?) Her house was at Mount Holly, New Jersey, and all the persons named were members of the same Monthly Meeting. John Smith, whose welfare thus rested upon the mind of ?This date would seem to imply that the data regarding this Meeting were based on information received not later than 1767. A LETTER OF SARAH (ELLIS) WOOLMAN31 Sarah Woolman, was the son of Hon. John Smith, of Philadelphia , Burlington, and Franklin Park (near Rancocas), who married Hannah, the daughter of James Logan, William Penn's Secretary of State. John Smith, 2nd, was born in 1761, and was therefore fifteen years old when this letter was written. His father died in 1771, at the early age of forty-eight, and his mother at his birth. The care of their four orphans devolved upon the uncles of the children , and it is therefore to Samuel Smith, the historian of New Jersey, and to William Logan, son of James Logan, that Sarah Woolman refers in her letter, which is unfortunately without superscription. John Smith married, 1784, Gulielma Maria (1766-1826), daughter of William and Margaret (Hill) Morris of Burlington, New Jersey, and his death, of a pulmonary complaint, took place in 1803, at the a?e °f forty-two. He was never robust, and his life was chiefly spent upon his farm at " Green Hill," three miles from Burlington, where Samuel Jenings had once lived. The father of his wife had been a promising young physician, who was one of the many yellow fever victims of the awful summer of 1793 in Philadelphia. Mindful of the professional ambitions and the prominent social connections of Dr. John Morris, Sarah Woolman may have feared that John Smith would be led into " worldly ambitions." But he chose to devote his time to the cultivation of a highly productive and successful farm, and the dear lady's fears were therefore groundless. Amelia M. Gummere. [Endorsement] [Mount Holly in iBt mo: 1776.] Dear friend a Concern hath rested on my mind in behalf of John Smith Remembring what Inocence his Dear Creator Bestowed upon him and what a Lamentable Case it should be lost or mard for want timely Care or Chusing a trade may be most for his Spiritual advantage rather than worldly profit may his friends and near Relations dwell Deep in their mind before him whose dwelling is on high may you seek to be directed by best wisdom in so waty a 32 BULLETIN OF FRIENDS' HISTORICAL SOCIETY matter and have a watchfull Care over this Beloved youth for his Incouragement in ye Blessed way now hath my mind...

110Quaker History mentally disturbed; their familial relationships, their attitude toward prayer, their own sense of the relation between personal guilt and the judgment of the Meeting. This is unfortunate, for given the vast amount of material in Quaker archives, there is surely a wealth of literary evidence that would open up this world for the reader. Nevertheless, Charles Cherry has provided us with an immensely interesting account of the leaders of the movement, if not of the patients themselves, and his book will be a valuable addition to libraries of both scholars and non-scholars interested in the history of psychology and religion. Rutgers UniversityPhyllis Mack Guide to the Records ofPhiladelphia Yearly Meeting. Compiled by Jack Eckert. Philadelphia: Haverford College, Records Committee of Philadelphia Yearly Meeting, Swarthmore College, 1989. xix, 288 pp. Paper, $20. American historians working on many facets of American life and culture have found Quaker records increasingly of value for research. Because of their view of the church as a gathered community and their sense of making history by preaching, migration, and settlement, they early saw the importance of keeping historical records. Hence Quakers have produced more records and more detailed records than most other American denominations except possibly the Moravians. To make the official records of Philadelphia Yearly Meeting and its constituent quarterly and monthly meetings available for research, the present volume was projected in 1986. Essentially it is a finding list of the records available at the two official yearly meeting depositories—the Quaker Collection at Haverford College and the Friends Historical Library at Swarthmore College. That there are two archival centers for the yearly meeting reflects the fact that from 1827 to 1955 there were two rival yearly meetings, the so-called Orthodox and the so-called Hicksite yearly meetings following the disastrous theological and organizational split of 1827. Thus Haverford, founded by the Orthodox wing, houses the official records of Philadelphia Yearly Meeting from its foundation in 1681 until the schism of 1827, and the records of the Orthodox yearly meeting from 1827 until the reunion of 1955, when the present united yearly meeting was founded. Swarthmore College, founded by the Hicksite branch, houses the records of the Hicksite yearly meeting from 1827 to 1955, and the records of the united yearly meeting since 1955. The yearly meeting committee records are likewise divided between the two depositories—those of the Indian Committee and the Japan (Missionary) Committee being housed at Haverford, with the archives of the Friends Peace Committee , the Meeting for Social Concerns, and the Young Friends Movement at Swarthmore . Finally, the record books of the various monthly meetings are for the most part divided between the two depositories. Where original record books are retained by the monthly meeting, microfilm copies are usually available at the official depositories. The bulk of the book (pp. 1-245) contains an alphabetical listing of all quarterly and monthly meetings that make up the yearly meeting, with the types, dates, and location of their existing records. Variant names for the meetings are listed in the index to the book. The concise, competent introduction (pp. v-xix) traces the genesis of the project , outlines the structure of the yearly meeting, with descriptions of preparative, Books1 1 1 monthly, indulged, particular, independent, united, quarterly, and half-yearly meetings, and gives a rundown of the varied types of records kept by Quaker meetings. It is important to note that the two Philadelphia-area colleges are now also the official depositories for the records of Baltimore Yearly Meeting and Virginia Yearly Meeting. Finally, instruction is given on the policies involved in using the records for research at the two official archives. Hidden at the back of the book (they should perhaps more appropriately have been placed at the front) are the lists of the vast body of records kept officially by Philadelphia Yearly Meeting (pp. 246-264). This includes a variety of minute books, committee records, including in the case of the Indian Committee some personal papers and journals of individual members of the committee, and records of Charleston Monthly Meeting, 1719-1786, identified in the index only as Charleston, South Carolina, with no explanation of why these particular records...

Mount Pleasant Yearly Meetinghouse as it appeared before restoration was started. The attic, showing part of the unusual mechanism, all made of wood, used to lift the great dividing partition. THE YEARLY MEETINGHOUSE OF MOUNT PLEASANT, OHIO By Ellen Starr Brinton* OLD meetinghouses have been a favorite topic for both writers and photographers in England and the United States over many years. Most of them have overlooked the story of a meetinghouse famous not only for its extraordinary size but for its picturesque beginning and the many controversies which have centered around it. This is the Yearly Meetinghouse at Mount Pleasant, Jefferson County, Ohio. Built during the second decade of the nineteenth century, it was first used in 1815, when Quaker emigration from East and South was in full tide. The village of Mount Pleasant was situated directly in the path of the thousands of Quaker families moving westward. It became the center not only of their religious life but of many activities associated with the social, moral, and political issues of the day. Still further westward movements of Friends to areas beyond the Mississippi, together with differences of theology, greatly weakened the Society as a whole. The last official gathering of Friends in the Mount Pleasant Yearly Meetinghouse was in 1917. Although local residents tried to preserve the building for sentimental reasons, the task was beyond their means. Decay set in and it was fast going to ruin when the State of Ohio took over the place as an historic monument. Now that restoration is under way and there is prospect of the great building's again being available for public gatherings, it seems only proper to gather here a few of the available bits of history about it. The little that can be found of Mount Pleasant and the great migration of Friends over the mountains must be culled from the terse minutes of the different Monthly, Quarterly, and Yearly Meetings and a few letters and journals that have survived two and three generations. * Ellen Starr Brinton was for many years Curator of the Swarthmore College Peace Collection. 93 94Bulletin of Friends Historical Association Apparently there is no definite date for the first crossing of the Alleghenies by members of the Society of Friends. Some were settled at Uniontown, Fayette County, Pennsylvania, as early as 1769. In 1776 Hopewell Monthly Meeting, Virginia, reported to its Quarterly Meeting that eighteen families had removed to the Northwest Territory. By 1780 Philadelphia Yearly Meeting had a report from "a committee to visit families west of the mountains," telling of 150 members scattered in various communities. On the eastern seaboard the urge that infected Quaker young people was the lure of cheap land in a new free country; in the South there was added the intense desire to move away from the debilitating influence of slavery. In New England and the mid-Atlantic states Friends went by groups of two and three families In the South migration became an organized movement, led by individuals strong in mind and body, guided and directed by Quarterly Meetings, and involving hundreds of families. They sold their lands and surplus personal effects. They settled meeting business in an orderly fashion, sent all local and Monthly Meeting records to the proper Quarterly Meetings, and finally closed the meetinghouses , many of which never opened again. The continued migration of Friends caused prolonged correspondence and great discussion in Philadelphia and Baltimore Yearly Meetings all through the latter part of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. There was much confusion over formalities as to the laying-down and setting-up of meetings to keep pace with the great movement. A whole group of meetings grew up in southwestern Pennsylvania, and these seem to have been delegated to care for the migrants and to keep their records, Westland, Providence, Redland meetings being the most important. All of these have since disappeared until often not even a trace of building or burial ground can be found. But the records were preserved and from these we can follow today the step-by-step methods by which Friends were advised and assisted in the great trek to new settlements in the territory northwest of...

NEW YORK QUAKERS IN THE REVOLUTION47 Henry Lee Swint, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee. The Northern Teacher in the South, 1862-1870. (The work, experiences and motives of the teachers sent into the South during the period. Some study of the organizations responsible for the work among the freedmen, including several Quaker organizations.) Vanderbilt University, History, Ph.D. 1939. Theodore Thayer, 4427 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Israel Pemberton, 1715-1779. University of Pennsylvania, History, Ph.D. Frederick B. Tolles, 65 Langdon Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts. The Philadelphia Quakers, 1681-1776. (A social and cultural history.) Harvard, History, Ph.D. Elizabeth Janet Gray Vining, 6347 Wayne Avenue, Germantown, Philadelphia , Pennsylvania. The Virginia Exiles. (The men who went, the issues involved, the journey, life in Winchester, and the return.) Paul A. W. Wallace, 504 Maple Street, Annville, Pennsylvania. Conrad Weiser. (A biography, with special attention to Weiser's career in Pennsylvania , 1729-1760.) Research partially completed. Mildred Sylvia Wilkox, 26 College Avenue, Upper Darby, Pennsylvania. Friends' Central School System. (Includes all past and present schools under Hicksite committees in Philadelphia.) Temple University, Education , M.S. 1935. DOCUMENTS NEW YORK QUAKERS IN THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION FEW PERSONS today, with the exception of a scholar, would recognize the name of John Gough. But in his own time he was well known, at least to the Friends, for his fourvolume History of the People Called Quakers (Dublin 1789-90). During the years when the American colonies were attempting to sever their connections with the mother country, Gough, an Irish Quaker, was gathering material for his History. Immediately after the war he wrote to Friends in Pennsylvania, asking for information on the rise and development of Quakerism in America. The Meeting for Sufferings in Philadelphia communicated Gough's request to the New York Meeting for Sufferings in order to obtain their cooperation. The latter body appointed a committee to "enquire after and collect such Transcripts and 48 BULLETIN OF FRIENDS' HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION accounts [as are] proper to this design. . . ." x About two years later the committee submitted its report, which included the following account of the experiences of the Friends in New York during the Revolution/2 ... in the year 1775 there was One Quarterly, three Monthly and Eleven particular Meetings on the Main.3 About which time 1 New York Meeting for Sufferings, Minutes, i (1758-1796), 132 (Third mo. 8, 1785). All of the minute books of the two New York Yearly Meetings, with a few exceptions, are in the records vault at the Friends' Seminary, Fifteenth Street and Rutherford Place, New York City, John Cox, Jr., custodian. Those minute books of the Revolutionary period which are elsewhere are: Westbury Monthly Meeting, Minutes, in the care of William Seaman, Glen Cove, Long Island, New York; East Hoosack Monthly Meeting, Minutes, in the care of the Town Register, Adams, Massachusetts; Saratoga Monthly Meeting (Easton), Minutes, in the care of Oren B. Wilbur, Greenwich, N. Y. 2 Ibid., i, 181-186 (First mo. 9, 1787). 3 The quarterly meeting referred to was Purchase, established in 1745, to be held alternately at Oblong in Dutchess County and Purchase in Westchester County. The monthly and preparative meetings of which it was composed are given below. Many of the meeting records are incomplete , and the authorities do not always agree as to the dates of establishment . There is an incomplete list of meetings in Rufus M. Jones, Quakers in the American Colonies, London 1911, pp. 251-252, n. An official list, on which this article is based, is found in the New York Meeting for Sufferings, Minutes, i, 187 (First mo. 9, 1787). The monthly meetings were: Westchester, now Purchase, in existence by 1725; Oblong, set off from Westchester in 1745, to be held alternately at Nine Partners and Oblong, both in Dutchess County; and Nine Partners, set off from Oblong Monthly Meeting in 1769. The preparative meetings comprised in Westchester or Purchase Monthly Meeting were: Westchester, established as a meeting for worship c. 1684-85, constituted a preparative meeting in 1716; Mamaroneck, established as a meeting for worship c. 1685 and constituted a preparative meeting in 1728; Purchase, a meeting for worship by 1725, and constituted a preparative meeting in...

The Welsh Government’s Welsh language strategy, Cymraeg: A million Welsh speakers [Welsh Government. 2017a. Cymraeg 2050: A Million Welsh Speakers. Cardiff: Welsh Government], aims to increase the numbers of Welsh speakers to one million by 2050. The creation of new Welsh speakers and immersion education form an integral part of the Welsh Government’s language revitalisation strategy and this study revisits new Welsh speakers from the Rhymney Valley, South Wales in 2016/2017 a decade on from the 2006 research study [Hodges, R. 2009. “Welsh Language Use Among Young People in the Rhymney Valley.” Contemporary Wales 22: 16–35. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/uwp/cowa/2009/00000022/00000001/art00004]. This longitudinal research provides further insights into their continuing language journeys, and indicates there has been a sustained reduction in this group’s use of Welsh by 2016/2017 due to factors relating to fluency, confidence and a lack of opportunities to use Welsh. However, the results indicate that new speakers play an important role in influencing family language transmission and in increasing language awareness within the workplace. This paper calls for further longitudinal research on new Welsh speakers’ language journeys so that this group may be appropriately supported as they make a crucial contribution to language revitalisation in Wales.

Ministers, Merchants and Migrants: Cumberland Friends and North America in the Eighteenth Century Angus J. L. Winchester* I It is almost forty years since Frederick Tolles explored the origins of what he termed The Atlantic Community of the Early Friends (Friends Historical Society Supplement 24, London, 1954), in which Quakers on both sides of the Atlantic were "held together by the intangible yet powerful bonds of love, fellowship, and a common faith." He concluded that those bonds developed from and were sustained by a variety of trans-Atlantic links. Pre-eminent was the travelling ministry, the numerous men and women who traversed the ocean in both directions on religious visits, and whose missionary zeal, pastoral care and spiritual nurturing drew scattered Quaker meetings into a common religious life. Other specifically religious influences included the exchange of epistles between yearly meetings and the promulgation of a common fund of published journals and other religious writings. By the middle decades of the eighteenth century the "powerful cement of trade" had built a more worldly bridge across the Atlantic as a network of commercial links bound Quaker merchants in the American colonies to their increasingly wealthy opposite numbers in England and Ireland. Not specifically mentioned by Tolles in that essay was a third link, the ties of kinship which extended their threads across the seas as British and Irish Friends emigrated to the New World. Quaker emigration was substantial in the later years of the seventeenth century , especially to participate in the "Holy Experiment" of Pennsylvania in the 1680s. Time and distance inevitably loosened the family ties of the early generations of colonists, but emigration continued throughout the eighteenth century, maintaining a personal, family dimension to the Anglo-American Quaker community.1 This paper seeks to explore the relationship between the three strands in the trans-Atlantic connection outlined above—religious, mercantile and family bonds—by focussing on the lives of Quaker families in Pardshaw Monthly Meeting, Cumberland, in the mid-eighteenth century . It will be argued that the three strands cannot be viewed in isolation , as each fed on and nurtured the others. Answering the call to travel in the ministry, pursuing mercantile activity, and taking the Quaker History decision to emigrate were different aspects of a common AngloAmerican Quaker culture which significantly reduced the psychological distance across the eighteenth-century Atlantic. The exercise in local history presented below may be thought of as a footnote to Tolles' study of Quaker merchants in colonial Philadelphia, Meeting House and Counting House (University of North Carolina Press, 1948). The West Cumberland Quaker community was neither as numerous, nor as wealthy, nor as powerful as that in early eighteenth-century Philadelphia, and its roots remained, for the most part, firmly embedded in the soil of the small yeoman farms of the Cumbrian countryside. Nevertheless, the brief flowering of Whitehaven as a major port in the Anglo-American trade made its impact on local Quakers by opening up opportunities for trade and emigration. In the following discussion , the local evidence for contact between West Cumberland Friends and America is first presented in some detail; then one theme is highlighted for discussion: the inter-linkages between the travelling ministry and the development of mercantile links across the Atlantic. II In the mid eighteenth century, Pardshaw Monthly Meeting embraced six particular meetings: the original rural Quaker stronghold at Pardshaw Hall itself, meetings in the bustling market town of Cockermouth and in the thriving port of Whitehaven, and three smaller congregations at Broughton, Isel and Keswick. It covered an area of West Cumberland that had experienced significant economic growth in the early eighteenth century. The mining and export of coal, largely to Ireland, and a burgeoning trade with America, notably in the import of tobacco, stimulated industrial development in the vicinity of Whitehaven, which stood second only to London as a port for the import of tobacco in the 1740s.2 As we shall see, local Quakers were heavily involved in Whitehaven's mercantile growth: the opportunities for trade and for commercial contact with America were an important influence on the development of the Quaker community in West Cumberland at that time. The meeting at Pardshaw Hall was one...

Introduction. The article examines the British policy pursued in the 16th – first half of the 20th centuries in relation to the autochthonous languages of Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. The author characterizes the language policy of Great Britain in this period as a policy of linguistic nationalism of the English language and discrimination against the national languages of other peoples. The article also discusses the main legal acts aimed at expanding the use of the Welsh language and consolidating the status of the Welsh language as the national language of Wales.Materials and methods. To achieve this goal, the article used the method of the structural-functional approach, as well as modern principles of scientific knowledge of complex social phenomena and processes, based on a combination of macro- and microsociological research. The materials of the article were the works of scientists on the stated issues.Results of the study. It is concluded that the Welsh language has managed to maintain its independence to a greater extent than other autochthonous languages of the peoples of Great Britain, and in modern conditions there is a tendency to increase the number of people using the Welsh language in everyday life. The main findings of this article were the demonstration of specific discriminatory measures applied by the UK in relation to the Welsh language, including the ban on the use of Welsh as the language of legislation, the language of judicial proceedings and restrictions on teaching in Welsh.Discussion and conclusion. The study identifies the reasons and constitutional and legal factors for the transition from a policy of language discrimination to a policy of dialogue of cultures, as well as the influence of public figures advocating the preservation and expansion of the use of the Welsh language on the language policy of Great Britain. The constitutional significance of the Welsh Language Regulations 2011 is stated, and for the first time in the Russian-language doctrine the content of this law is analyzed.

THE RISE AND DECLINE OF QUAKERISM IN THE MONONGAHELA VALLEY By Levinus K. Painter* Before the Revolutionary War a few Friends from the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia joined the thin stream of hardy pioneers who followed the trail that Braddock and his men had cut across the mountains. Due to the failure of the Braddock expedition ( 1755 ), the Pennsylvania colonial government warned settlers that it was not in a position to assure protection to new communities west of the Allegheny Mountains. Indian raids, inspired by the French, slowed down the stream of Scotch-Irish settlers. But Indian war cries created no fears in the hearts of Quakers. Their "broad brims" afforded far surer protection than the methods of the lamented Braddock. Most of the early Quaker settlers in the Monongahela Valley came from the vicinity of Hopewell, Virginia (Fairfax Quarterly Meeting, later known as Warrington and Fairfax). While their neighbors were engaged in the struggle for political independence, Quakers found peaceful conquest of the lands beyond the mountains a very suitable alternative to military service. They could clear land, build homes and meetinghouses, establish schools, and start frontier industrial life while other men fought battles and set up the instruments of constitutional government . These pioneering Quakers in the Redstone area of the Monongahela Valley carved new communities out of the wilderness. About the year 1768 Henry Beeson settled at the junction of the two branches of Redstone Creek and laid out lots for a town. The settlement was first known as Beeson's Town but the name was later changed to Union Town. About the same time, Rees Cadwallader settled on Bridgeport Hill, overlooking the Monongahela River. After his death an attempt was made to give his name to the settlement. Perhaps the name was too great an effort for the human tongue. The name South Brownsville was adopted instead. * Minister in the Friends Meeting at Collins, New York. 24 Quakerism in the Monongahela Valley25 Other Friends crossed the Monongahela River and started a settlement at Westland, four miles west of Brownsville. This community apparently grew more rapidly than the Beeson and Cadwallader neighborhoods, so far as the number of Friends settling in the respective areas was concerned. In 1782 Westland Friends requested that a Preparative Meeting be set up by the parent Monthly Meeting at Hopewell, Virginia. After due deliberation the request was granted and Westland became the first organized Friends meeting west of the Allegheny Mountains. Other meetings were established during the next few years and in 1785 Redstone Monthly Meeting was set up, meeting alternately at Westland on the west side of the Monongahela River and at Redstone (South Brownsville) on the east side. By 1793 a sufficient number of meetings had been set up to make desirable two Monthly Meetings, the river providing a convenient dividing line. Four years later, in 1797, Baltimore Yearly Meeting gave approval to the setting up of Redstone Quarterly Meeting. At the turn of the century there were eleven meetings of Friends in the Redstone area of the Monongahela Valley. Located on the east side of the river in Fayette County were Bridgeport Hill (also known as South Brownsville and at times called Redstone), Sandy Hill, Center, Providence, and Stewart's Crossing (Connellsville); Sewickley in Westmoreland County, and Sandy Creek over the border in West Virginia. In addition to Westland meeting in Washington County, three other meetings had been set up on the west side of the river: Fallowfield (sometimes called Tallowfield), Pike's Run, and East Findley (also known as Head of Wheeling). A little later, a fifth meeting was established at Ridge or Muddy Creek, but the meeting was small and did not continue many years. A map showing the location of meetings in Ohio Yearly Meeting circa 1826 indicates that there was also a small group of Friends in Pittsburgh but not a regularly organized meeting.1 Redstone Quarterly Meeting had been transferred from Baltimore to Ohio Yearly Meeting when it was set up in 1813. 1 This map is reproduced in the Inventory of Church Archives: Society of Friends in Pennsylvania (Philadelphia: Friends Historical Association 1941), opp. p. 338. 26Bulletin of Friends Historical Association Concerned Friends established...

92 BULLETIN OF FRIENDS' HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION The second Hague Conference in 1907 was held in the Hall of the Knights, an enthusiastic description of which was written by a contemporary of William Penn in 1688; but neither that visitor nor the Quaker statesman could have dreamed that all the governments in the world would some time send their representatives to a conference in that hall of militarism and feudalism for the purpose of disarming the nations and pledging them to peaceful settlement of their disputes. Perhaps to the spirit of William Penn, and certainly to the living Friend who writes this sketch, it was a source of gratitude to find at the head of the British delegation at the second Hague Conference an English Friend, Sir Edward Fry. It was a pleasure to note that Penn's plan for an international court was referred to with praise several times in the conference, and that the leading advocate of the International Court of Prize adopted by the conference was a member of Penn's religious society. The unique and beautiful Palace of Peace on the Scheveningen Way in The Hague which houses the international courts of our time was presented to the nations by a citizen of Pennsylvania; and it would be most appropriate if the Society of Friends on both sides of the sea would present a statue of the great Founder (of colony, courts, and society as well) to stand before that palace and continue to point in the Old World, which he loved and labored for as devotedly as for the New, the path to permanent peace. Looking back over the history of war and peace during the last two centuries and a haff, it is a natural and pleasing reflection for us Friends of today that in the aftermath of Quakerism in Holland there was preserved for eventual fruition those seeds of peace among men and nations which were sown by the devoted labors and the pacific lives of the Dutch Quaker Peace Makers. QUAINT QUAKERISMS By J. Russell Hayes In the older records of our monthly meetings we discern, far more fully than in recent ones, all sides of human character. In our modern meetings we note down only the obvious concerns QUAINT QUAKERISMS93 and the more public activities of our members; in earlier days, most of their doings were subject to official inquiry and report. Very enlightening it is to linger for a while over the pages of antique minute books, where the serious and humorous aspects of early Quakerism are found in plenty. They surely were frank in those days! Thus, in 1803, a delinquent Friend was "treated with by the overseers and other Friends on account of Charging Mary Shaw with being a liar." (Richland Women's Preparative Meeting, 2d mo. 3, 1803.) Maiden Creek representatives report "That Joseph WoIIaston is Accused of Cursing . . . when going down Schuylkill in a Canoe." (Exeter Monthly Meeting, 4th mo. 28, 1757.) Friend Daniel Webb was sadly at fault, although the last of his offences rather wins our sympathy. Daniel was "dealt with for absence from Meeting, Drinking to Excess and staying abroad . . . from his fambly, to the Reproach of Truth, also having set up some Grave-Stones at his Parents Graves, Which by Direction of the Monthly Meeting were Remov'd he hath approv'd of their being set up Again." (Kennett Monthly Meeting , 9th mo. 12, 1765.) Pioneer conditions are revealed in many an early record. Friends on the frontier in Berks County suffered from fear of Indians. "Those appointed to Inquire into the Circumstances of such as are fled from the Indians, Report, that none seem to be in immediate want of Bread, tho' some are likely so to be ; being drove from following their Business" by the Indians, yet think "if they can for the future be in Safety on their Places, are in hopes to rub it through, etc." (Exeter Monthly Meeting, 3d mo. 31, 1757.) We smile perhaps over the entries that reveal a close searching after proper dress and conduct of members of meeting. New Garden Women's Meeting, 12th mo. 2, 1780, were seriously troubled "respecting Friends departing from...

When you're making plans to get people using your language as much and as often as possible, there's a list of things related to Wikipedia which can really help. I'll share our experience with the Welsh language.
 Supporting the Welsh-language Wikipedia community forms Work Package 15 of 27 in the Welsh Government's Welsh Language Technology Action Plan https://gov.wales/sites/default/files/publications/2018-12/welsh-language-technology-and-digital-media-action-plan.pdf. We like supporting Welsh language Wikipedia editing workshops, video workshops and other channels that encourage people to create and publish Welsh-language video, audio, graphic and text content because we're on a mission to try to help double daily use of Welsh by 2050.
 I'll share developments we're funding in speech, translation and conversational AI. The partners we're giving grants to publish what they develop under open licence. So we can share what we've funded with many companies. We think Microsoft might have used some to make their new synthetic voices in Welsh.
 We're excited by the potential Wikidata offers. We'll look at its potential in populating Welsh maps this year. We've already used Wikipedia search data as a way of prioritising the training of a Welsh virtual assistant.
 Welsh may not be spending as much as Icelandic and Estonian do on language technologies, but we'd like to share what we're learning as a smaller language about the important areas to focus on and how Wikipedia can help.

This chapter shines a light on the many geographies inherent in those institutions that seek to support and promote, either directly or indirectly, Welsh language ability and Welsh language use. In discussing such themes, we draw attention to the significant geographies that inform institutional engagements with the Welsh language in Wales. At the same time, we seek to show how the use of Welsh within these institutions varies geographically. On the basis of this discussion, we suggest that institutional geographies are far more significant when one engages with the issue of language than are institutional geographies that exist in relation to other aspects of social, political and cultural life. This is particularly the case in Wales, we maintain, where the underlying geographies of Welsh-language ability have the potential to have a marked effect on the engagement of various institutions with the Welsh language.

Background: Aquaculture is the best source of sustainable livelihood for communities, as long as the technology is in place and environment friendly. The aquaculture in southern Negros Occidental continues to experience a crisis that includes this recent COVID-19 pandemic, in addition to rapid financial and structural changes and awareness of farming's enormous influence on ecosystem health. Oyster and fish cages farmers were familiar with and associated terms such as environmental protection, small-scale aquaculture, profitability, and productivity with sustainable oyster and fish production. Furthermore, the researcher, who has experience in the aquaculture industry, desires to investigate sustainability and recognizes this aquaculture owners/operators' vulnerability and challenges in their livelihood. Thus, the paper analyzed the sustainability, vulnerability, and challenges of aquaculture livelihood projects in Southern Negros. Methods: Using a descriptive quantitative research design, 50 aquaculture operators/owners answered a checklist questionnaire to analyze the sustainability, vulnerability, and challenges of aquaculture livelihood projects. Frequency count and percentage distribution were used in analyzing the quantitative data. Results: In human capital, the operators/owners have at least a high school graduate to engage in aquaculture livelihood and range 0-1 year of experience. They are aware of health and safety practices, and the skills they know are feeding and harvesting. They are sole workers, and the physical skill they perform is swimming. For natural capital, all operators/owners gained access to the Nanunga River permit from the Local Government Unit of Municipality of Hinigaran. The size of the fishing ground and fish pens is at 5x5meters, and they conduct monthly coastal cleaning for the maintenance of the surroundings. The timeline and growth and water sensitivity affect the timeline growth of the oyster shell and fish species, respectively. They are also given an action plan to prepare the climate change and initiate the monthly coastal cleanup to maintain cleanliness in the coastal. In terms of financial capital, the income of operators/owners is higher compared to expenses, debt, and taxes paid per harvest. As a result, they can set aside a net amount for savings. Also, they received support from the government every year. They were given a three-year projected financial statement to know the income, expenses, debt, savings, and taxes. Regarding social capital, the aquaculture livelihood helps their community by providing livelihood to their families, providing food supplies, and contributing to economic gain. The operators/owners are trusted, and they follow norms in the community. They are also involved in the monthly meetings to discuss the concerns about their aquaculture livelihood projects. They also avail of the financial assistance loan from the government through the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) Pangkabuhayan Program. These imply scheduling a mandatory monthly meeting for the Aquaculture owners/operators, which is also open to the community. In physical capital, most operators/owners have fish pen infrastructure, fish boats, materials for oyster farming, and fish cage fishing. They also used electricity and fuel as a source of energy. They sent an application for financial aid to the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) to purchase new materials for Aquaculture. The major vulnerabilities are the Covid-19 pandemic, climate change, oil spills, seasonality, and technological changes. The major challenges that the Aquaculture operators/owners face are lack of knowledge, high/low tide, no preparation of unforeseen expenses, lack of participation among members in monthly association meetings, and cannot afford to purchase new materials for fish pens and fishing boats. Overall, the findings in the light of the Department for International Development (DFID) Sustainable Livelihood Framework, the results were validated as aquaculture livelihood projects are sustainable in terms of human, natural, financial, social, and physical capital. Conclusion: The aquaculture livelihood projects of aquaculture growers in Southern Negros were sustainable in terms of human, natural, financial, social, and physical capital. It shows that the aquaculture operators/owners have various knowledge and skills in the industry, preservation of water resources and cleanliness of coastal areas, more income and less expenses and debts growers, improve the economy and the people's standard of living and relationships and more fish pens infrastructure and increase of supplies of materials. Notwithstanding the existing vulnerabilities and challenges, the aquaculture livelihood projects were manageable and could easily cope with unforeseen events. Practical Value of the Paper: The local government agency may explore the possibility of assisting aquaculture livelihood projects in gathering information for periodic evaluation and monitoring of the financial status of aquaculture livelihood projects for reporting purposes. It is hoped that future researchers utilize this study as the basis for further research, especially studies focusing on the sustainability, vulnerability, and challenges of other livelihoods like agriculture industries. Also, the Aquaculture owners/operators can use the strategic plan to present to the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) and other organizations to avail the financial assistance and funding in the future.

Introduction: The engagement of women community health workers has been recognized as one key strategy to tackle the emergent shortage of health workers in developing countries.  The ASHAs are instituted by the state as part of National Rural Health Mission of the Government of India for the grassroots health care delivery. The capacity building initiatives and empowerment of the local women are crucial for effective health care delivery of large section of rural population.  The current study explores some of the crucial variables of the capacity building initiatives at the monthly meeting platforms at CHC/PHC in the state of UP. Research methodology: A total of four districts of Uttar Pradesh were selected purposively for the study and the data collection was conducted in the villages of the respective districts with the help of a pre-tested structured interview schedule with both close-ended and open-ended questions. In addition, in-depth interviews were also conducted amongst the ASHAs and a total 250 respondents had participated in the study. Results: A large majority (90 percent) of the ASHAs attended and benefitted from the monthly meetings at various PHCs in their respective districts. The total duration of these meetings varied from 2-3 hours each in different districts and mainly the agenda of these meetings were review of daily work, training and problem solving. Additionally various other topics were covered in the meetings such as cord care and new-born care; however certain  topics such as interpersonal skills, gender and equity were not dealt adequately. Difficulty and poor attendance in the meetings were also reported from Banda District of Bundelkhand region due to inaccessibility, challenges   in travelling and frequent rescheduling of the meetings. Primarily the Health Education Officers were the leading facilitators of these meetings in the four districts. The benefits of these meetings were cited by the ASHAs as those built their level of confidence while working in the community and the inputs also enhanced the required level of knowledge on different health issues. At the same time, they also reported that their counseling skills as well as the quality of home visits had improved. Conclusions: The process of capacity building of ASHAs in the monthly meeting platforms could be considered as a significant strategy in developing the community health workforce.  These meetings and training platforms are optimally utilized to improve the level of motivation, confidence, work skills, quality and quantity of their home visits. The meetings are more effective if the areas such as regular guidance, work related problem solving, record keeping and documentation of activities were discussed frequently.

50Quaker History The two volumes commemorate the tercentenary of the founding of Pennsylvania in the best possible way—by helping more ofus understand more of it. Wesleyan UniversityRichard T. Vann Friends andNeighbors: Group Life in America 's FirstPlural Society. By Michael Zuckerman. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1982.255 pp. $29.95. Friends and Neighbors is a collection of eight essays on colonial and Revolutionary Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Ofthe eight essays four treat only the Quakers and are the subject ofmost ofthis review. A fifth treats the Scots in New Jersey and another Anglicans in Philadelphia. In a seventh Laura Becker investigates the diversity and interrelations among groups in Reading, Pennsylvania. The last essay, on the Continental Army at Valley Forge, does not complement the theme of the collection as well as the others do. In this essay 'The Birth of the "Modern Family" in Early America,' Barry Levy attributes to the Quaker family a unique place in history. Historians generally hold that not until the industrial revolution of the nineteenth century were families characterized by voluntary, affectionate marriages, nuclear households with financial independence, fewer chilren, and tender, intensive rearing of children. Had families followed such practices before economic circumstances were appropriate, the families would presumably have floundered economically and otherwise. Levy finds that Quaker families in Pennsylvania first showed the attributes of the modern family. His best evidence of the tender nurture of children is that Quaker parents accumulated land for the benefit oftheir children and distributed it to them upon their marriages without coercive conditions in the bequests. Levy's other evidence is ofa more conventional kind: respecting the role ofengaged Friends in contracting marriage, the Quaker parents' attention to childrearing, and of the monthly meetings regulation of family life. Finally, Levy shows that Friends, practicing modern family conduct, outstripped their Anglican neighbors economically while the Anglicans especially followed premodern family regulation. The modern practices of the Quakers proved more successful in the physical setting of Pennsylvania than traditional practices at the unlikely time ofthe eighteenth century. Valerie Gladfelter's essay on Burlington Monthly Meeting falls considerably below the commendable standards of the other essays Book Reviews51 on Quakers. She has read and quantified the records of delinquency ofthe Meeting from 1678 and 1720 and divided the period into three parts characterized by different relationships between the Meeting and its members. The essay is basically flawed, however, because the data means little without an understanding of how many members there were in the meeting. Ofthis population, and also the surrounding non-Quaker one, we get only the most meager and glib reference. Gladfelter also shows little understanding of the historical origins and use of Quaker discipline, nor ofa monthly meeting's situation in a larger Quaker organization. Gladfelter could hardly have done better than to have followed the example of Susan Forbes in her essay on New Garden Monthly Meeting entitled "Quaker Tribalism." She describes not only delinquency rates accurately but also the patterns of participation in the business ofthe Meeting. After identifying the activists and leaders in the Meeting she discovered that their distinguishing characteristic was their family ties to other activist members. She also finds that after 1755 a more exclusive Society of Friends was forged mostly by the strict application of the marriage discipline. Forbes's essay corroborates Levy's pronouncment upon the utmost importance of the family in Quaker life. Nancy Tomes ingeniously investigated the visiting patterns among women Friends in Philadelphia, 1750 to 1800, and has extracted from these pedestrian records some fascinating and significant conclusions . Quaker women circulated almost exclusively among other Quakers and with that circle they favored their kin. But the larger circle of the Society and the smaller one of family did not conflict. Tomes writes: "Trying to unravel the two affiliations soon leads to the recognition that they became all the stronger as they were so effectively intertwined" (p. 190). Because solidarity with kin is an ancient practice which yet prospered among Pennsylvania Quakers whom Levy characterizes as "modern," we have a mixed portrait of the Quaker family in these essays. There remains however, the common discovery of the immense importance of the family within Quakerism. Tucson, ArizonaJack...