Abstract
Turkish Warty cabbage, Bunias orientalis L. (Brassicaceae) is a perennial herb known for its 250 years of invasion history into Europe and worldwide temperate regions. Putative centers of origin were debated to be located in Turkey, the Caucasus or Eastern Europe. Based on the genetic variation from the nuclear and plastid genomes, we identified two major gene pools in the Caucasian-Irano-Turanian region and close to the Northern Caucasus, respectively. These gene pools are old and started to diverge and expand approximately 930 kya in the Caucasus. Pleistocene glaciation and deglaciation cycles favoured later expansion of a European gene pool 230 kya, which was effectively separated from the Caucasian-Irano-Turanian gene pool. Although the European gene pool is genetically less diverse, it has largely served as source for colonization of Western and Northern Europe in modern times with rare observations of genetic contributions from the Caucasian-Irano-Turanian gene pool such as in North-East America. This study largely utilized herbarium material to take advantage of a biodiversity treasure trove providing biological material and also giving access to detailed collection information.
Highlights
Turkish Warty cabbage, Bunias orientalis L. (Brassicaceae) is a perennial herb known for its 250 years of invasion history into Europe and worldwide temperate regions
B. orientalis has only one sister species, B. erucago L., and there are no other members within the entire tribe Buniadeae, which is assumed to be older than 12 million years
Within B. orientalis the split between European and Irano-TuranianCaucasus haplotypes was dated with 1.23 Mya (1.89–0.56 My; 95% confidence interval)
Summary
Turkish Warty cabbage, Bunias orientalis L. (Brassicaceae) is a perennial herb known for its 250 years of invasion history into Europe and worldwide temperate regions. During the past 20 years, detailed phylogeographic studies accumulated aiming to resolve biogeographic patterns and evolutionary processes These studies serve as important background information to understand and explore contemporary processes such as biological interactions[1], species-environment interactions[2], population differentiation and speciation[3], or rapid adaptation and niche evolution[4]. A special case of rapidly changing patterns in space and time is given with invasive species These species often colonize different continents within a few decades, thereby raising the question if phylogenetic constraints or rapid adaptation play. B. orientalis has only one sister species, B. erucago L., and there are no other members within the entire tribe Buniadeae, which is assumed to be older than 12 million years This is a rare phenomenon in the entire family[20,21] and might indicate only little evolutionary potential to diverge and adapt to new environmental conditions. During the last 250 years the species rapidly spread all over Central Europe and Scandinavia, throughout Asia towards China, and reached the US and Canada several decades ago[22,23,24]
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